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Biology Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is balanced equation for photosynthesis ?

A

6H^2O + 6CO^2 -> C^6H^12O^6 + 6O^2

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2
Q

How is glucose used by plants ?

A

• respiration-> energy
• converted into starch for storage
• converted to cellulose for cell walls
• produce fats & oils as energy store
• can be combined with nitrate to make amino acids-> protein

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3
Q

What are the adaptions of plant leaves ?

A

• thin-> gases reach cells easily
• wide & flat-> large surface area to absorb lots of light
• palisade-> chloroplast-> more light energy absorbed
• guard cells-> regulate gas exchange & prevent water loss
• stomata-> CO2 can get to cells & oxygen to leave

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4
Q

What are adaptation of root hair cells ?

A

• large surface area-> water & minerals absorbed quickly-> increasing rate of absorption
• thin cell walls-> fast flow of water & mineral
• lots of mitochondria-> active transport of minerals

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5
Q

What is the function of phloem ?

A

• living cells transporting sugars up & down plant

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6
Q

What is function of xylem ?

A

• dead cells transporting water & minerals from roots to leaves up the plant

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7
Q

What are adaptations of phloem ?

A

• no nucleus & large vacuole-> easy transfers of sugar up & down
• sieve cell-> connected to another by holes where sucrose solution flows
• companion cells-> pump sucrose in or out of sieve cells-> form sieve tubes using energy released from respiration

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8
Q

What are adaptations of xylem ?

A

• no cytoplasm-> created long empty vessels
• rigid-> thick side walls & rings or hard lignin so water pressure doesn’t burst
• tiny pores-> minerals & water transported in & out

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9
Q

What is Homeostasis ?

A

• maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism
• e.g. blood glucose concentration, blood temperature, water levels

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10
Q

What is the role of adrenaline ?

A

• senses detect threat-> electrical impulses sent via nervous system-> cause adrenal gland to release adrenaline into blood-> increase heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure

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11
Q

What are hormones ?

A

• chemical messengers which are transported around body in bloodstream until it reaches target organ

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12
Q

What is the difference between endocrine system & nervous system ?

A

• hormones-> slower as chemical messengers are carried by blood & long lasting effect-> stay in blood until killed
• electrical impulses-> faster as sent by neurones & but not long lasting

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13
Q

What is metabolic rate ?

A

• how fast the energy stored in food is transferred by reactions that happen in body to keep you alive

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14
Q

What happens if concentration of thyroxine in blood is low ?

A

• hypothalamus stimulated to release TRH-> stimulates pituitary gland to release more TSH-> stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine

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15
Q

What happens if concentration of thyroxine is normal or high ?

A

• hypothalamus inhibited & less TRH released-> pituitary gland stimulated less so less TSH is released-> thyroid stimulated less so less thyroxine released

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16
Q

What is role of oestrogen ?

A

• produced by ovaries
• thicken uterus lining

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17
Q

What is role of progesterone ?

A

• produced by empty follicle in ovary after egg has been released
• maintains lining of uterus

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18
Q

What is role of FSH ?

A

• released by pituitary gland
• causes egg to mature & stimulate release of oestrogen

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19
Q

What is role of LH ?

A

• released by pituitary gland
• ovulation

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20
Q

Summary of menstrual cycle ?

A

• (day 1) uterus lining shed-> menstruation-> FSH released from pituitary gland to mature an egg in ovary in follicle-> stimulates release of oestrogen-> as egg develops follicle produces oestrogen-> lining thickens-> oestrogen inhibit release of FSH-> when oestrogen levels high enough-> stimulates release of LH from pituitary glands-> release of egg (ovulation - day 14)-> remains of follicle release progesterone-> maintain lining of utetus-> inhibits release of FSH & LH-> progesterone levels fall-> menstruation

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21
Q

What difficulties can a woman have which prevent her from being pregnant ?

A

• not produce enough FSH
• not ovulating
• blocked oviducts
• low sperm quality

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22
Q

What is hormone treatment ?

A

• contain FSH & LH to stimulate eggs to mature & released

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23
Q

What is clomifene ?

A

• drug which stops oestrogen from inhibiting LH-> more LH released-> ovulation

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24
Q

What is IVF ?

A

• giving mother FSH & LH to mature several eggs in ovary-> eggs collected & fertilised by sperm from farther in fish in lab-> fertilised egg develops into embryos-> 1 or 2 embryos onto uterus lining to become implanted

25
What happens when blood sugar levels rise ?
• pancreas detects it-> releases insulin-> insulin sends signal to liver, muscles, other cells to store excess glucose-> some stored as body fat & other as glycogen in liver & muscles
26
What happens when blood sugar levels are low ?
• pancreas detects it-> releases hormone glucagon-> travels to liver in blood-> breaks down glycogen in liver & muscles to convert back to glucose-> glucose enters blood & glucose levels rise
27
What are the causes of type 1 diabetes ?
• pancreatic cells don’t produce insulin bc they have been destroyed by immune system • genetic
28
What are the causes of type 2 diabetes ?
• insulin releasing cells don’t produce enough insulin • target organs don’t respond to insulin properly
29
How is gas diffused quickly in the lungs?
• alveolus-> large surface area • 1cell thick wall of alveolus & capillary • moist alveoli walls-> dissolve gases-> pass through • concentration gradient maintained by ventilation of lungs & movement of blood
30
What are the adaptions of the wall of the small intestine ?
• vili-> large surface area for diffusion • vili covered in microvili-> increase surface area • thin vili walls-> shirt diffusion pathway • vili surrounded by many capillaries & flow of blood maintains concentration gradient maintained
31
What is the role of plasma ?
• transports dissolve C02, digested food molecules, urea & hormones, distributes heat
32
What is the role of red blood cells in?
• transport o2 for aerobic respiration • absorb o2 in lungs • pass through narrow blood capillaries • release o2 to respiring cells
33
What are the adaptions of red blood cells ?
• small & flexible-> fit in narrow capillaries • contain haemoglobin-> bind O2 in lungs & gives red colour • no nucleus-> more haemoglobin & more oxygen • biconcave shape-> maximise surface area for O2 absorption • thin-> short distance for O2 to diffuse
34
What are the adaptations of phagocytes ?
• flexible-> surround pathogens • produce enzymes-> digest pathogens
35
What is the role of the antibodies released by lymphocytes ?
• bind to pathogens to destroy • coat pathogens-> clump them • release chemical signals-> attract more phagocytes
36
How do platelets stop bleeding ?
• proteins on surface-> enable them to stick to break blood vessel & clump together • secrete proteins-> chemical reactions that clot blood
37
What are the adaptations of arteries ?
• thick layer of muscle & elastic fibres with thick walls-> withstand high pressure & to stretch • connective tissue-> strength • small lumen
38
What are the adaptations of veins ?
• larger lumen • thin muscular & elastic walls • less connective tissue than arteries • valves-> prevent backwards blood flow
39
What are the factors which affect amount of respiration and organism does ?
• more cells-> more respire • different types of tissues have different energy requirements • muscle cells have more mitochondria than fat cells • mitochondria contain folded inner membrane
40
What is parasitism ?
different kind of feeding relationship where the parasite benefits by feeding off hosts & causing harm to host
41
What is mutualism ?
Another type of relationship between 2 species where both species live together & benefit
42
Why does light affect organisms ?
• photosynthesis • distribution of organisms • detect time of year • growth of plant occur at specific times of year
43
Why does temperature affect organisms ?
• organisms function best in specific • change distribution of organisms • biological processes
44
Why does water affect organisms ?
• distributions of organisms • organisms need different amount to survive • chemical reactions • transport dissolved substances
45
Why does pollutant affect organisms ?
• substance that harms living organisms when it gets into natural environment
46
Why does competition affect organisms ?
• organisms that outcompetes others will increase chances of survival-> reproduce-> pass on genes • interspecific / intraspecific
47
48
Why does predation predator population affect organisms ?
• predators adapted to capture & kill • prey adapted to prevent death & escape
49
How does fish farming impact biodiversity ?
• overcome overfishing & still have enough fish for human
50
How does introduction of non indigenous species impact biodiversity ?
• affect native species • affects food web
51
How does eutrophication impact biodiversity ?
• addition of excess nutrients to ecosystem • too much fertiliser-> run off into lakes-> increase growth of aquatic plants-> water pollution & reduces biodiversity in water
52
How does conservation of species preserve biodiversity ?
• working with species under threat-> support species to recover • protected areas • breeding programs-> increase amount of endangered species • seed banks
53
How does reforestation preserve biodiversity ?
• trees provide habitats for species • maintain CO2 balance • rebuild biodiversity in cleared areas
54
What are the stages of decomposition ?
• secrete enzyme out of cells into soil or dead organism-> enzyme digest organic material-> products of digestion absorbed by bacteria/ fungi
55
What are the conditions for decomposition ?
• warm temperature • enough moisture • large surface area of decomposing organism • enough O2
56
Recall the stages of the water cycle
• Evaporation-> water in ocean rises into air • condensation-> water vapour condenses into clouds-> cools down-> changes into drops of water forming clouds • precipitation-> water drops in cloud gets heavy-> water falls as rain hail etc • percolation-> rain collects in lakes into sea-> cycle repeats • transpiration
57
What are the methods of producing portable water ?
• solar still • water net • desalination & distillation • potable water in Uk
58
What are the stages of CO2 cycle ?
• respiration-> organisms release CO2 • combustion-> burning fossil fuels • excretion-> wastes broken down • decomposition-> carbon compounds broken down •photosynthesis->plants absorb CO2 • feeding->moves C along food chain • fossilisation-> undecomposed organisms build up to form fossil fuels
59
What are the stages of nitrogen cycle ?
• decomposition-> decomposes break down-> nitrogen returned to soil as ammonia-> converted to nitrates • nitrogen fixation-> nitrogen gas converted to nitrates compounds by bacteria • lightning-> concerts nitrogen gas to nitrate compounds-> added to soil when rains • nitrification-> ammonia in soil converted to nitrates compounds • denitrification-> bacteria in soil break down nitrates & return nitrogen in air

Science (12 decks)

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