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Biology Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of nucleus?

A

• control activities
• contain DNA

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2
Q

What is the role of cytoplasm ?

A

• jelly like substance where chemical reactions happen

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3
Q

What is the role of mitochondria ?

A

• energy released by mitochondria

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4
Q

What is the role of ribosomes ?

A

• protein synthesis happens

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5
Q

What is the role of cell membrane ?

A

• control movements in & out of cell

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6
Q

What is the role of chloroplast ?

A

• contains chlorophyll
• photosynthesis happens

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7
Q

What is the role of vacuole ?

A

• contains cell sap-> keeps cell firm

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8
Q

What is the role of cell walls ?

A

• made of cellulose-> supports cell

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9
Q

Bacterial:
What is the role of chromosomal DNA ?

A

• DNA of bacterial cells found loose

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10
Q

Bacterial:
What is the role of plasmid DNA?

A

• small closed DNA-> can move from one bacteria to another causing variation

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11
Q

Bacterial:
What is the role of flagella ?

A

• can rotate or move in whip like motion to move bacterium

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12
Q

Bacterial:
What is the role of cell wall ?

A

• made of peptidoglycan-> protection

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13
Q

Bacterial:
What is the role of capsule ?

A

• slime layer-> protects

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14
Q

What movement of particles is diffusion ?

A

• movement of particles from area of high to low concentration
• particles diffuse down concentration gradient until they reach equilibrium

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15
Q

What movement of particles is osmosis ?

A

• movement of particles from area of high to low concentration
• diffuse down concentration gradient

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16
Q

What is movement of particles in hypertonic solution ?

A

• water moves out of cell into solution

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17
Q

What is movement of particles in hypotonic solution ?

A

• water moves into cell from solution

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18
Q

What movement of particles is active transport ?

A

• particles move from area of low to high concentration
• particles move against concentration gradient until

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19
Q

What are 4 stages of mitosis ?

A

• prophase-> metaphase-> anaphase-> telophase

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20
Q

What happens in prophase ?

A

• DNA in chromosomes & their copies condenses-> more visible-> membrane around nucleus disappears

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21
Q

What happens in metaphase ?

A

• chromosomes & their copies line up in middle of cell

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22
Q

What happens in Anaphase ?

A

• chromosomes & their copies pulled to different end of cells

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23
Q

What happens in telophase ?

A

• new membranes form around chromosomes at each end of cell

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24
Q

How do neurones work ?

A

• neurones carry electrical impulses from dendrites-> along long thing cytoplasm (axon)-> to nerve ending

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25
What is role of dendrites ?
• relieve signals from other neurone or sensory receptor cells, connected to cell body
26
What is role of cell body ?
• “control centre” bc it contains nucleus
27
What is role of axon ?
• long fibre that carries nerve impulses away from cell body to axon terminal
28
What is role of myelin sheath ?
• surround most axons (not relay) • insulates axons so electrical impulses travel faster along axon
29
What is role of axon terminal ?
• connects euros to other neurones (or organs) by synaptic transmission
30
What is role of sensory neurone ?
• transmits messages from receptors to coordinators
31
What is role of relay neurone ?
• connects sensory & motor neurones
32
What is role of motor neurone ?
• transmits messages from coordinators to effector
33
Why is synapse important ?
• allows nervous system to direct signal to right location in 1 direction
34
What happens during meiosis?
• copies of genetic information made • cell divides twice-> form 4 gametes with 23 chromosomes • 4 gametes genetically different from each other & parent
35
Define gene ?
• section of DNA that code for characteristics
36
Define allele
• different versions of same gene found at specific location on chromosomes
37
What is discontinuous variation ?
• limited number of values than an individual can possess e.g. blood group
38
What is continuous variation ?
• range of values that an individual can possess between max & min e.g. height
39
What are different ways to age tools ?
• simple tools likely to be older than complex tools • looking at rock layers in tools -> older rocks found deeper in ground • if additional material found with tool
40
What are 7 classified groups?
• kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
41
What are 5 kingdom classifications ?
• animals, plants, fungi, protists, prokaryotes
42
What are the 3 domain classification ?
• archea, bacteria, eukaryota
43
What happens in interphase ?
• DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome • organelles like mitochondria & ribosomes are copied
44
What happens in cytokinesis ?
• cell membrane pinches in & divided into 2 genetically identical diploid cells
45
What are advantages of embryonic stem cells ?
• can create many in lab • painless technique • can treat many diseases • can become any type of cell
46
What are disadvantages of embryonic stem cells ?
• harm/ death to embryo • embryo rights/ can’t consent • u reliable technique
47
What are advantages of adult stem cells ?
• no ethical issues/ patient can give permission • treat some diseases • procedure is safe/ doesn’t kill donor • tried & tested/ reliable • patients recover quickly
48
What are disadvantages of adult stem cells ?
• risk of infection from procedure • can only treat few diseases • procedure can be painful
49
What is the process of natural selection ?
1. organism show variation 2. organisms with better adapted characteristics/ genes survive & reproduce 3. Offspring inherit the genes 4. Overtime-> population increases of those organism with better characteristics
50
What is the process of selective breeding ?
1. decide which characteristic is better 2. Choose parents that show the characteristic-> bred together 3. Choose best offspring with desired characteristic to produce next generation 4. Repeat over many generations until offspring shows desired characteristic
51
What is the process of genetic engineering ?
1. Extract human DNA from human cell & plasmid from bacteria 2. Cut out desired gene using restriction enzyme leaving sticky ends 3. Using same enzyme-> cut plasmid leaving corresponding sticky ends 4. Insert desired gene into plasmid-> recombinant DNA 5. Put the DNA into bacteria 6. Allow it to multiply by mitosis
52
What is the official definition of Health ?
• complete state of physical, mental, social well being
53
What does correlation mean ?
• presence of one disease can lead to higher chances of developing another
54
What are some causes of correlation ?
• defects in immune system-> individual more likely to suffer from disease • severe physical ill health can lead to depression/ mental illnesses • reaction of immune system to pathogens & other foreign bodies can trigger allergic reactions
55
Define communicable diseases
• diseases caused by pathogens which can be passed to others
56
Define non communicable disease
• not passed on to others • can be result of DNA mutations or lifestyle choices
57
What causes a heart attack ?
• fatty deposits cause arteries to become narrower & walls less flexible-> blood clot can form that blocks artery-> if this happens in a coronary artery it can cause heart attack • muscle in heart is starved of oxygen • blocked artery in brain can cause stroke
58
What are some treatments for cardiovascular disease ?
• stents • statins • heart bypass surgery • lifestyle changes
59
What is role of non specific defence system ?
• offer some protection from all types of pathogens & involve chemical & physical barriers to prevent infection
60
What is role of specific immune response system ?
• immune system mount a response to destroy pathogens which pass the chemical & physical barriers into our bloodstream
61
What is role of lymphocytes ?
• produce antibodies which fit onto antigens-> if antibody fits then lymphocyte is activated-> produces more lymphocytes with same antibody to destroy pathogens which pass
62
What is role of phagocytes ?
• surround pathogens & engulf them • enzymes in it break down pathogen
63
What is role of memory lymphocytes ?
• once lymphocyte is activated-> memory lymphocytes are also made which remain in bloodstream to produce quicker response if antigen is encountered again-> person is immune

Science (12 decks)

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