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Science > Biology : Paper 2 > Flashcards

Biology : Paper 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

Where photosynthetic organisms use energy from the sun to make glucose

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2
Q

What is Biomass ?

A

Mass of Living material

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3
Q

Photosynthesis is a what type of reaction ?

A

Endothermic - Energy is transferred from environment to the plant

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4
Q

Where does Photosynthesis occur ?

A

Chloroplasts

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5
Q

What is Chlorophyll ?

A

Substance inside chloroplasts that absorbs light

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6
Q

What is the Equation for Photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen
6CO₂ + 6H₂O -> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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7
Q

What are 3 limiting factors of photosynthesis ?

A

Light intensity, CO₂ Concentration, Temperature

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8
Q

True or False ? The rate of Photosynthesis decreases as Light intensity increases ?

A

False. Light transfers energy needed so as light level increases so does rate of Photosynthesis (it is directly proportional)

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9
Q

Distance from source and Light intensity are ________ Proportional.

A

Inversely, as distance increases the light intensity decreases

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10
Q

What is the Inverse Square Law ?

A

Light Intensity ∝ 1 ÷ Distance (d)²

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11
Q

Why is CO₂ a limiting factor ?

A

It is one of raw materials that is needed for photosynthesis and so if there is too little then it cannot be carried out to an effective standard

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12
Q

Why is Temperature a Limiting Factor ?

A

Enzymes in photosynthesis work slowly at low temperatures but denature at high temperatures so the it has to be just right to work wt the optimum

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13
Q

Why is Light a limiting factor ?

A

Light transfers energy needed in photosynthesis so if there is little light then the plant will have no energy and cannot carry out photosynthesis

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14
Q

What are 3 vessels for transport in a plant ?

A

Root Hair cell, Phloem tubes, Xylem tubes

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15
Q

What do Root Hair cells do ?

A

They take in minerals and water
The cell grows like hairs into the soil and so gives it a large surface area to absorb

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16
Q

What is Active Transport ?

A

Movement of particles across a membrane from low concentration to high using energy transferred during respiration

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17
Q

How do Root Hair cells absorb minerals ?

A

Active Transport

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18
Q

What do Phloem Tubes do ?

A

Transport food substances (sucrose) to rest of the plant for usage or storage

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19
Q

What are Phloem Tubes made of ?

A

Columns of elongated living cells with pores in end walls to allow passage through

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20
Q

How do Phloem Tubes transport food substances ?

A

Translocation

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21
Q

What is Translocation ?

A

Transport in both directions requiring energy from respiration

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22
Q

True or False ? Phloem Tubes can transport in both directions.

A

True, it used translocation

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23
Q

What do Xylem Tubes do ?

A

Take up water & minerals from roots to stem and leaves

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24
Q

What are Xylem Tubes made of ?

A

Dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between and a hole down the middle

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25
Q

What are Xylem Tubes strengthened with ?

A

Lignin

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26
Q

How do Xylem Tubes transport water & minerals ?

A

Transpiration System

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27
Q

How are Root Hair cells adapted ?

A

Have a large surface area in each branch of root being covered in millions of microscopic hairs

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28
Q

What is Transpiration ?

A

The loss of water in the leaf by evaporation and diffusion mean more water needs to be taken up through the Xylem Vessels

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29
Q

What is the cause of Transpiration ?

A

Caused by Evaporation & Diffusion of water from plants surface

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30
Q

What are Stomata ?

A

Tiny pores on the plant surface mostly found on lower surface of leaved

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31
Q

What do Stomata do ?

A

Allow CO₂ and O₂ to diffuse in and out the leaf
Also allow water vapour to escape during transpiration

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32
Q

What controls the opening and closing of Stomata ?

A

Guard Cells - They open the stomata when turgid and close the Stomata when flaccid

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33
Q

What are 3 limiting factors of Transpiration ?

A
  • Light Intensity
  • Temp
  • Air Flow
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34
Q

What is used to estimate the Transpiration Rate ?

A

Potometer

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35
Q

What is the formula to work out Transpiration Rate ?

A

Distance moved / Time taken

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36
Q

How are Hormones transported ?

A

Blood

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37
Q

What gland group make Hormones ?

A

Endocrine Glands

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38
Q

What are the glands within the endocrine system ?

A
  • Pituatory
  • Thyroid
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
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39
Q

What does the Pituatory Gland do ?

A

Produces hormones that regulate body conditions, these hormones act on other glands and direct them to release the correct hormones

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40
Q

What do the Ovaries do ?

A

Produce Oestrogen

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41
Q

What do the testes do ?

A

Produce Testosterone that controls puberty and sperm production

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42
Q

What does the Pancreas do ?

A

Produces Insulin

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43
Q

What does the Adrenal Gland do ?

A

Produces Adrenaline

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44
Q

What does the Thyroid Gland do ?

A

Produces Thyroxine

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45
Q

What does Adrenaline do ?

A

Prepares the body for ‘Fight or Flight’

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46
Q

What is Negative Feedback ?

A

When the body detects an abnormal level of substance and so it triggers a response to bring it to normal again

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47
Q

What does Thyroxine do ?

A

Regulates the metabolic rate by keeping its levels stable

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48
Q

What is Metabolic Rate ?

A

The speed at which reactions occur in the body

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49
Q

What is the Menstrual Cycle ?

A

Monthly sequence in which a female releases an egg and prepares the uterus incase the egg is fertilised

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50
Q

How many stages are in the Menstrual Cycle ?

A

4

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51
Q

What happens during stage 1 of the Menstrual Cycle ?

A

The lining of the uterus breaks down and is released

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52
Q

What happens during stage 2 of the Menstrual Cycle?

A

The uterus lining is repaired from day 4 - 14 until it becomes thick with blood vessels for a fertilised egg to implant

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53
Q

What happens during stage 3 of the Menstrual Cycle?

A

An egg develops and is released from the ovary (Ovulation)

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54
Q

What happens during stage 4 of the Menstrual Cycle ?

A

The lining is maintained until day 28 and if no egg has been fertilised then the lining breaks down and the cycle starts over

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55
Q

What 4 Hormones control the Menstrual Cycle ?

A

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating hormone),
Oestrogen,
LH (Luteinising hormone),
Progesterone

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56
Q

What is FSH ?

A

Released from Pituitary gland
Causes a follicle to mature
Stimulates Oestrogen production

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57
Q

What is Oestrogen ?

A

Released by Ovaries
Causes lining of uterus to thicken
Large level causes an LH surge

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58
Q

What is LH ?

A

Released by Pituitary
Stimulates ovulation causing the follicle to rupture and the egg released
Causes remains to grow into Corpus Luteum

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59
Q

What is Progesterone ?

A

Released by Corpus Luteum
Maintains uterus lining

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60
Q

What is Infertility?

A

Where a person cannot reproduce naturally

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61
Q

What are 2 ways to get around Infertility ?

A

Clomifene Therapy
IVF (“in vitro fertilisation”)

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62
Q

What is Clomifene Therapy ?

A

Is a drug that caused more FSH & LH to be released and stimulate egg maturation

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63
Q

What is IVF ?

A

Collecting eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using a donated man’s sperm

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64
Q

Which hormones can be used as Contraceptives?

A

Oestrogen & Progesterone

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65
Q

How is Oestrogen used as a Contraceptive?

A

Prevents release of eggs

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66
Q

How is Progesterone used as a Contraceptive?

A

Produces cervical mucus to prevent sperm getting to the egg

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67
Q

What is the Combined Pill (contraceptive) ?

A

Patch worn on the skin that contains both Oestrogen & Progesterone

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68
Q

What is the mini - pill ?

A

Injection containing progesterone only

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69
Q

What is a Barrier method of Contraception ?

A

Condom & Femadom

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70
Q

What is one weakness of Hormonal Contraception?

A

Bad side effects

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71
Q

What is one weakness of Barrier Contraception?

A

Not 100% effective

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72
Q

What is Homeostasis ?

A

The maintaining of a constant internal environment

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73
Q

What are examples of Homeostasis ?

A
  1. Blood Glucose Regulation
  2. Osmoregulation
  3. Thermoregulation
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74
Q

Which 2 factors control Blood Glucose Concentration ?

A

Insulin & Glucagon

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75
Q

What does eating carbohydrates do to glucose in blood ?

A

Puts it in from small intestine

76
Q

2 ways to remove Glucose ?

A

Metabolism & Vigorous exercise

77
Q

What is excess Glucose stored as and where ?

A

Glycogen in liver and muscles

78
Q

What happens when liver and muscles stores are full of Glycogen ?

A

Stored as lipids in tissues

79
Q

Which gland monitors Blood Glucose Concentration?

A

Pancreas

80
Q

What does Insulin do ?

A

Makes the Liver turn Glucose in the blood into Glycogen to store

81
Q

What does Glucagon do ?

A

Makes Liverpool turn Glycogen into Glucose in blood

82
Q

When is Insulin excreted ?

A

When Blood Glucose level is too hight

83
Q

When is Glucagon added ?

A

When Blood Glucose Level is too low

84
Q

Why does the body need a constant internal environment?

A

Ensures all parts of the body can function as intended and regularly

85
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes ?

A

When the Pancreas produces little or no Insulin so the Blood Glucose level can rise too hight

86
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes ?

A

When a person becomes resistant to insulin and the body’s hormones don’t respond properly

87
Q

What is a cause of type 1 Diabetes?

A

Lack of Insulin

88
Q

What is the cause of type 2 Diabetes?

A

Insulin Resistance

89
Q

What is a treatment for Type 1 Diabetes ?

A

Insulin Therapy - Injecting insulin into fatty tissue under skin where it can enter bloodstream

90
Q

What is a treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Healthy diet, Exercise, Losing weight

91
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Mass (kg) / Height ² (m)

92
Q

What is the calculation for Waist-to-Hip ratio ?

A

Waist Circumference (cm) / Hip Circumference (cm)

93
Q

What ratios for men and women are associated with increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Men = 1.0
Women = 0.85

94
Q

How does the size of an organism affect its surface area to volume ratio ?

A

The larger the organism, then smaller the ratio

95
Q

What are 2 waste products needed to be removed from cells ?

A

CO₂ & Urea

96
Q

4 substances cells need to take in ?

A

O₂ , H₂0 , Food, Mineral Ions

97
Q

What is Urea ?

A

Waste product that diffuses from cells to blood plasma for removal by kidneys

98
Q

What is the function of the Lungs ?

A

Transfer Oxygen to blood and remove waste CO₂

99
Q

What are Alveoli ?

A

Small sacs of air in lungs where gas exchange takes place

100
Q

How are Alveoli adapted ?

A
  1. Moist lining
  2. Good Blood supply
  3. Thin walls
  4. Large Surface Area (75m² in human)
101
Q

Why do Alveoli need good blood supply ?

A

Maintain concentration gradient of O₂ & CO₂

102
Q

Why do Alveoli need Thin Walls ?

A

Minimise distance that gas has to move

103
Q

Why do Alveoli need Large Surface Area ?

A

Maximises the amount of gas that can be exchanged at once

104
Q

What is the blood’s job ?

A

Act as huge transport system

105
Q

Another name for Red Blood Cells ?

A

Erythrocytes

106
Q

Job of Red Blood Cells ?

A

Carry O₂ to all cells

107
Q

Shape of Red Blood Cells ?

A

Biconcave Disc - Large Surface Area

108
Q

What is Haemoglobin ?

A

Red pigment containing Iron

109
Q

What happens to Haemoglobin in lungs ?

A

Binds to O₂ to make Oxyhaemoglobin

110
Q

What does Ocygaemoglobin do ?

A

Splits back into Oxygen and Haemoglobin to release oxygen to cells

111
Q

What are 4 Main things in Blood ?

A
  1. Red Blood Cells
  2. White Blood Cells
  3. Platelets
  4. Plasma
112
Q

What do White Blood Cells do ?

A

Defend against infection

113
Q

What are Phagocytes?

A

White BC that change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms
(Phagocytosis)

114
Q

What are Lymphocytes ?

A

White BC that produce antibodies against microorganisms

115
Q

What happens to White BC during infection ?

A

They multiply

116
Q

What are Platelets ?

A

Small cell fragments with no nucleus

117
Q

What do Platelets do ?

A

Help clot a wound to stop bleeding

118
Q

What happens due to lack of Platelets ?

A

Excessive bleeding & bruising

119
Q

What is Plasma ?

A

The liquid that carries everything in the blood

120
Q

What colour is Plasma ?

A

Pale Straw

121
Q

What does Plasma carry ?

A
  1. Red & White Bc & Platelets
  2. Nutrients ( Glucose & Amino Acids )
  3. CO₂
  4. Urea
  5. Hormones
  6. Proteins
  7. Antibodies & Antitoxins
122
Q

What are 3 Types of Blood Vessel ?

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

123
Q

Job of Arteries ?

A

Carry blood away from heart

124
Q

Job of Capillaries?

A

Exchange materials at tissues

125
Q

Job of Veins ?

A

Carry blood to heart

126
Q

What is an Artery ?

A

Tubes with strong elastic walls that contain muscle to allow stretching

127
Q

Properties of Capillaries?

A
  1. Narrow to squeeze into gaps
  2. Permeable walls for diffusion
  3. Supply food and oxygen
  4. Take away waste
  5. One cell thick
128
Q

Properties of Veins ?

A
  1. Big Lumen
  2. Lower Pressure
  3. Valves
129
Q

Hollow tube inside Arteries and Veins ?

A

Lumen

130
Q

Rate of Blood Flow equation ?

A

Volume of Blood / Time

131
Q

Mammals have a __________ Circulatory System ?

A

Double

132
Q

What is Oxygenated Blood ?

A

Blood carrying Oxygen

133
Q

What is Deoxygenated Blood ?

A

Blood carrying no Oxygen

134
Q

What are the 4 Chambers of the Heart ?

A

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle
Left Atrium , Left Ventricle

135
Q

What does the Right Atrium do ?

A

Receives Deoxygenated blood through vena cava

136
Q

What does Right Ventricle do ?

A

Pumps Deoxygenated blood to Lungs through pulmonary artery

137
Q

What does Left Atrium do ?

A

Receive Oxygenated Blood from Lungs through Pulmonary Vein

138
Q

What does Left Ventricle do ?

A

Pumps Oxygenated Blood round the body via Aorta

139
Q

What is Cardiac Output ?

A

Total volume of Blood pumped by ventricle per minute

140
Q

Equation for Cardiac Output ?

A

HR x Stroke Volume

141
Q

What is Stroke Volume ?

A

Volume of Blood pumped by 1 ventricle per contraction

142
Q

What is Respiration ?

A

Transferring energy from the breakdown of organic compounds

143
Q

What are the 2 types of Respiration ?

A

Aerobic & Anaerobic

144
Q

Aerobic Respiration?

A

Respiration with plenty of oxygen and is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

145
Q

Equation for Aerobic Respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

146
Q

Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Respiration without oxygen that transfers less energy and is less efficient

147
Q

Waste product of Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Lactic Acid

148
Q

Anaerobic Respiration equation in animals ?

A

Glucose -> Lactic Acid

149
Q

Anaerobic Respiration equation in plants ?

A

Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

150
Q

In Respiration, is energy transferred to or from the environment?

A

To
(Exothermic reaction)

151
Q

One factor that can affect rate of respiration in organisms ?

A

Temperature

152
Q

Ecosystem ?

A

Community of organisms along with non living conditions

153
Q

What are different levels of Ecosystem organisation ?

A
  1. Individual
  2. Population
  3. Community
  4. Ecosystem
154
Q

Interdependent?

A

Organisms depend on one another to survive

155
Q

Abiotic ?

A

Non - Living factors
Eg. Light availability

156
Q

Biotic ?

A

Living factors

157
Q

How do Abiotic factors affect communities ?

A
  1. Temp
  2. Amount of water
  3. Light intensity
  4. Level of Pollutants
158
Q

How do Biotic factors affect Ecosystems ?

A
  1. Competition
  2. Predation
159
Q

Quadrat ?

A

Square frame enclosing a known area

160
Q

How to work out distribution of an organism ?

A
  1. Place quadrat and count all organisms of interest within
  2. Repeat a few times
  3. Work out mean per quadrat
  4. Compare means
161
Q

How to work out Population Size ?

A
  1. Place quadrat and count organisms of interest
  2. Repeat
  3. Find mean
  4. Multiply mean by total area
162
Q

Biodiversity ?

A

Variety of living organisms in an ecosystem

163
Q

Non-Indigenous species ?

A

One that does not naturally occur in the area

164
Q

Eutrophication?

A

Excess nutrients in water

165
Q

How does Eutrophication happen ?

A

Fertiliser enters water where the excess nitrates cause algae growth which block out light.
Plants cannot get light for photosynthesis so then die

166
Q

Reforestation ?

A

Land that formerly housed a forest is replanted to form a new forest

167
Q

Conservation Schemes ?

A

Protecting species in their natural habitat or in safe areas

168
Q

2 Benefits to Biodiversity?

A

Protecting human food supply
&
Providing medicine

169
Q

What is the Carbon Cycle powered by ?

A

Photosynthesis

170
Q

Carbon cycle ?

A
  1. Powered by Photosynthesis
  2. Eating passes carbon down the food chain
  3. Plants / Animals die and release CO₂ into air
  4. Burning releases CO₂
  5. Decomposition means habitats can be maintained
  6. CO₂ used in photosynthesis and cycle restarts
171
Q

Water Cycle ?

A
  1. Sun makes water evaporate
  2. Vapour carried upwards
  3. Condenses to form clouds
  4. Falls as precipitation into land
  5. Drains into sea and sun evaporates the water
172
Q

Desalination ?

A

Removal of salt from salt water

173
Q

Methods of Desalination ?

A

Thermal Desalination (distillation)
&
Reverse Osmosis

174
Q

Potable Water ?

A

Drinking Water

175
Q

Drought ?

A

Lack of Precipitation

176
Q

Reverse Osmosis ?

A

Moving of particles from high concentration to low in a vessel with a membrane that filters out salt

177
Q

Nitrogen in atmosphere?

A

78%

178
Q

4 types of bacteria in Nitrogen Cycle ?

A
  1. Decomposers
  2. Nitrifying Bacteria
  3. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
  4. Denitrifying Bacteria
179
Q

Decomposers Bacteria ?

A

Decompose proteins & urea into ammonia that plants can use

180
Q

Nitrifying Bacteria ?

A

Turn decaying matter Ammonia to nitrites then nitrates

181
Q

Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria ?

A

Turn atmosphere nitrogen into ammonia into ammonium ions

182
Q

Denitrifying Bacteria ?

A

Turn nitrates into gas

183
Q

Increase Nitrates in soil ?

A
  1. Crop Rotation
  2. Fertilisers
184
Q

Crop Rotation ?

A

Different crops grown each year usually a nitrogen fixing crop that puts nitrates into soil for next years crop

185
Q

Fertilisers in Nitrogen Cycle ?

A

Recycles nutrients in waste then returns them to soil through decomposition

Science (6 decks)

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