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Science > Biology : Paper 1 > Flashcards

Biology : Paper 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Eukaryotic Cells ?

A

Complex - Include all plant & animal cells (and features)

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2
Q

What is the main difference between Plant & Animal Cells ?

A

Plant cells have same features as animal plus Cell Wall, Vacuole and Chloroplasts

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3
Q

What is the main difference of a Bacterial Cell ?

A

It has no nucleus
Instead has Chromosomal DNA, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane, Plasmid DNA, Flagellum

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4
Q

What are Specialised Cells ?

A

Cells that are modified to carry put a specific function, Eg. Sperm & Egg Cells

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5
Q

What are Ciliated Epithelial Cells ?

A

They are hair like structures that move substances along the surface of tissue, Eg. In the lining of airways

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6
Q

What are the functions of Reproductive Cells ?

A

Egg - Carry female DNA to developing embryo
Sperm - Carry male DNA to female egg

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7
Q

Why do Sperm Cells carry lots of Mitochondria?

A

Provide energy to swim to egg

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8
Q

What are 2 types of microscope ?

A

Light Microscope (1590s) - Passing light through specimen, can be used to see living organisms
Electron Microscope (1930s) - Use Electrons rather than light for higher magnification, cannot see living organisms

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9
Q

What is formula for Total Magnification ?

A

Total Mag = Eyepiece Mag X Objective Mag

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10
Q

What is formula for Magnification?

A

Magnification = Image size ÷ Real Size

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11
Q

What are enzymes ?

A

Catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction, they can be natural or man made

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12
Q

What is substrate ?

A

The molecule changed in a reaction

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13
Q

What is an Active Site ?

A

The part of an Enzyme which joins onto its substrate to catalyse the reaction

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14
Q

What is the formula for Rate of Reaction ?

A

Rate = 1000 ÷ Time

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15
Q

What Enzyme breaks down Starch ?

A

Amylase
Into Maltose & other sugars

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16
Q

What Enzyme breaks down Protein ?

A

Protease
Into Amino Acids

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17
Q

What Enzyme breaks down lipids ?

A

Lipase
Into Glycerol & Fatty Acids

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18
Q

What is Diffusion ?

A

Gradual movement of particles from places of high concentration to low concentration

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19
Q

What is Osmosis ?

A

The net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration

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20
Q

What is Active Transport ?

A

Movement of particles across a membrane from low concentration to high using energy transferred during respiration

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21
Q

True or False ?
Oxygen entering the blood from the lungs is Osmosis.

A

False, this happens by diffusion. Osmosis involves the movement of water

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22
Q

What type of membrane is needed for Osmosis to happen ?

A

A partially permeable one

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23
Q

How does water concentration change as solute concentration increases?

A

The water concentration decreases as solute concentration increases

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24
Q

How would mass of a potato cylinder change if you put it in a solution that has the same water concentration as the fluid inside the potato ?

A

No change

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25
Q

What is Mitosis ?
What is it used for ?

A

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides.
It is used by organisms to reproduce and replace cells that are damaged.

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26
Q

What are the 4 Stages of the Cell Cycle ?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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27
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis?

A

The Cytoplasm and Cell Membrane divide to form 2 separate Cells

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28
Q

What cells does mitosis produce ?

A

2 identical Diploid cells, genetically identical to parent cell and with exactly the same set of chromosomes as the other daughter cell

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29
Q

What happens in Prophase ?

A

The chromosomes condense, getting shorter and fatter.
The membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm.

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30
Q

What happens during Metaphase ?

A

The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell.

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31
Q

What happens during Anaphase ?

A

Spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart.
Then the chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

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32
Q

What happens during Telophase ?

A

Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes.
These become the nuclei of the two new cells - the nucleus has divided.

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33
Q

What happens during Interphase ?

A

The DNA is all spread out in long strings.
Before it divides, the cell has to grow and to increase the amount of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes. It then duplicates
its DNA - so there’s one copy for each new cell.

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34
Q

What is Cell Differentiation?

A

When a cell changes to become specialised for its job. It allows multicellular organisms to work more efficiently.

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35
Q

What is Cell Elongation ?

A

Where a plant cell expands, making the cell bigger and so making the plant grow.

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36
Q

Caner is what type of Cell Division ?

A

Uncontrolled

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37
Q

Why does Cancer occur ?

A

Controlled by the chemical instructions (genes) in an organism’s DNA.
If there’s a change in one of the genes that controls cell division, the cell may start dividing uncontrollably.
This leads to a mass of abnormal cells called tumors

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38
Q

What are Stem Cells ?

A

Unspecialised cells that are free to differentiate

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39
Q

What does Meristem tissues do ?

A

Found in growing areas of plant, e.g. tips of roots and shoots.
Produce unspecialised cells that are able to divide and form any cell type in the plant - they act like embryonic stem cells.
They go on the form tissue like Xylem & Phloem

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40
Q

How are Stem Cells used in medicine?

A

By extracting the undifferentiated Stem cells from developing embryos for example and growing them to differentiate into specialised cells which are later implanted into humans

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41
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Groups of cells that detect change in environment, Eg. Skin receptors detect pressure and heat

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42
Q

What is the reflex arc ?

A
  1. Stimulus (Eg. Heat)
  2. Receptor
  3. Sensory Neurone
  4. CNS
  5. Motor Neurone
  6. Effector (Eg. Muscle)
  7. Response (Eg. Arm is pulled away)
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43
Q

True or False ?
Muscles & Glands are examples of receptors

A

False they are effectors

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44
Q

In humans what is CNS made of ?

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

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45
Q

What do Dendrons & Dendrites do ?

A

Connect neurone to other neurones & carry nerve impulses towards cell body

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46
Q

What do Axons do ?

A

Carry impulses away from cell body

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47
Q

Why are Axons surrounded by a Myelin Sheath ?

A

Act as an electrical insulator to speed up signals

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48
Q

What does a Sensory Neurone do ?

A

Carry impulses from receptors to cell body where the impulse is then taken to CNS by a short Axon

49
Q

What does a Motor Neurone do ?

A

Short Dendrites carry impulse from CNS to cell body and then from cell body to effector cells by a long Axon

50
Q

What does a Relay Neurone do ?

A

Short Dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurone to cell body then from cell body to motor neurones through an Axon

51
Q

What is a Synapse ?

A

The connection between 2 neurones

52
Q

How are Signals transferred across a Synapse ?

A

Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapse and set off new signal in the receiving neurone

53
Q

What is a reflex ?

A

An automatic rapid response to stimulii

54
Q

What is an advantage of unconscious reflexes ?

A

Reduced injury as reflexes can be automatic and rapid

55
Q

When a fly flies towards a persons eye and they blink what is the stimulus?

A

The Fly

56
Q

What are Gametes ?

A

Reproductive Cells
Eg. Animals produce Egg & Sperm Cells

57
Q

What is a Diploid Cell ?

A

Cell with full number of Chromosomes

58
Q

What are Haploid Cells ?

A

Cell with only half the amount of Chromosomes

59
Q

Are Gametes Haploid or Diploid ?

A

Haploid

60
Q

Is a Zygote Haploid ?

A

No, it fuses with both parental gametes and gains a full set of Chromosomes

61
Q

What is Meiosis ?

A

Cell division that does not produce 2 identical cells
In humans it only occurs in reproductive organs, Eg. Ovaries & Testes

62
Q

How does Meiosis work ?

A

DIVISION 1
1. Cell duplicates DNA
2. Chromosomes line up in pairs in centre of cell (one chromie from each parent per pair)
3. Pairs are pulled apart - some chromies from each parent goes to each new cell
4. Each new cell ends up with a variety of parents chromies - to create genetic variation
DIVISION 2
5. Chromosomes line up in centre of cell and the arms of chromies (chromatids) are pulled apart
6. End with 4 Haploid Daughter cells - they are Gametes

63
Q

What are the Type of cell produced in meiosis and how many ?

A

4 Gametes are produced

64
Q

What is the difference with each Sperm Cell ?

A

The genetic material is different

65
Q

What are DNA strands made of ?

A

Polymers (repeating units called nucleotides)

66
Q

What do Nucleotides consist of?

A

1 sugar molecule, 1 phosphate molecule and 1 ‘base’

67
Q

What is the shape of DNA ?

A

Double Helix

68
Q

What are the Complimentary Base Pairs ?

A

A ~ T
C ~ G

69
Q

What are the base pairs joined together by ?

A

Weak Hydrogen Bonds

70
Q

What is the base ‘A’ also called ?

A

Adenine

71
Q

What is the base ‘T’ also called ?

A

Thymine

72
Q

What is the base ‘C’ also called ?

A

Cytosine

73
Q

What is the base ‘G’ also called ?

A

Guanine

74
Q

What are Chromosomes and where are they found ?

A

They are long coiled up molecules of DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

75
Q

What is a Gene ?

A

Section of DNA that codes for particular protein, the sequence of bases determines which protein is produced

76
Q

What is a Genome ?

A

All of an organisms DNA

77
Q

How many Strands make DNA ?

A

2

78
Q

What is an Allele ?

A

A version of a Gene, there are 2 alleles for every gene

79
Q

What are the 2 types of Allele ?

A

Dominant (Upper Case)
Recessive ( Lower Case)

80
Q

What is Genotype ?

A

Combination of alleles you have

81
Q

What is Phenotype ?

A

Characteristics you have

82
Q

What does the 23rd pair of Chromosomes decide ?

A

Gender

83
Q

What chromosome causes male characteristics ?

A

Y

84
Q

What chromosome caused female characteristics ?

A

XX

85
Q

What chromosomes are carried by gametes ?

A

Egg = X
Sperm = X or Y

86
Q

What does Homozygous mean ?

A

2 Alleles for particular gene that are the same

87
Q

What Alleles are needed for Dominant gene ?

A

At least 1 dominant allele

88
Q

What is Genetic Variation ?

A

Different alleles

89
Q

What is Environmental Variation ?

A

Acquired characteristics - Plant is different environment grow different characteristics

90
Q

Mutations ?

A

Changes to base sequence of DNA

91
Q

Human Genome Project ?

A

Mapping 20,000 genes to find their purposes

92
Q

Benefit of Human Genome Project ?

A

Prevent Disease
Test / Treat inherited disorders
New midicines

93
Q

Disadvantage to Human Genome Project ?

A

Stress
No children
Discrimination

94
Q

What does Homo mean ?

A

Human - like

95
Q

Order the Homo Species ?

A

Homo Habilis
Homo Erectus
Homo Neandethalensis
Homo Sapiens

96
Q

What are the 5 Kingdoms ?

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Prokaryotes
Protists

97
Q

What are the 3 Domains ?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

98
Q

What is Selective breeding ?

A

Artificially selecting organisms with desirable genes and breeding

99
Q

Advantage of Selective breeding ?

A

Over time the useful gene takes over until all organisms have it

100
Q

Disadvantage of Selective Breeding ?

A

Reduces Gene Pool
Increase health problems (inbreed)
New disease cannot be fought

101
Q

Restriction Enzyme ?

A

Cut DNA at specific sequences and leave sticky ends

102
Q

Ligase Enzyme ?

A

Join DNA together at their sticky ends

103
Q

Recombinant DNA ?

A

2 bits of DNA joined together

104
Q

Vectors use in DNA ?

A

Transfer DNA into a cell

105
Q

2 Types of Vectors ?

A

Plasmids & Viruses

106
Q

Plasmid use in DNA ?

A

Circles of DNA transferred between bacteria

107
Q

Viruses use in DNA ?

A

Insert DNA into organisms they infect

108
Q

What is Health ?

A

A state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing

109
Q

Communicable ?

A

Can spread

110
Q

Non-Communicable ?

A

Cannot spread

111
Q

What are Communicable Diseases caused by ?

A

Pathogens

112
Q

Example of Pathogens ?

A

Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protists

113
Q

What is an STI ?

A

Sexually Transmitted Infection

114
Q

What is HIV ?

A

Virus that kills white blood cells and weakens the immune system

115
Q

How is HIV spread ?

A

Through bodily fluids
eg. Blood, Semen, Vaginal fluids

116
Q

One way to reduce HIV ?

A

Wear a condom

117
Q

What is Chlamydia ?

A

Bacterial infection that reproduces in host cells and leads to infertility

118
Q

One way to reduce Chlamydia ?

A

Wear a condom or use medication

Science (6 decks)

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