Biology Paper 1 Flashcards
What does amalyse break down?
Starch into glucose
What does lipids break down?
fat into fatty acid to glycerol
What does protease break down?
Protein to amino acid
What is type 1 diabete?
pancreas fails to produce enough insulin.
What is type 2 diabetes?
When body doesnt respond to the insulin produced/
What is causes of type 2 diabetes gcse?
Obesity
What can be done to help type 1 diabetes?
Insulin injection
What can be help to do tpye 2 diabetes?
Carb controlled diet,exercise
Equation for anearobic respiration?
Glucose —–>Lactic acid+energy
4 steps of vaccine?
1.Dead/inctive form of disease injected into the person.
2.WBC produce antibodies.
3.Memory cells are made.
4.When the actual disease enters the body antibodies respond very quickly
Where was the drug digitalis extracted from?
Foxglove plant
Where was the painkiller asprin extracted from ?
Willow trees.
What is the order in which we are looking to test new medicine for(ted)
1,Toxicity
2.effective
3.Dosage
What is the first testing of a drug called?
Pre-clinical testing
Descibe what precinical testing is carried out on?
Not on humans but rather live :
animal
tissue
cells
If drug passes pre-clinical testing what does it go throught now?
Clinical testing
What happens in the first stage of clincal testing?
1.Low dosage of drug given to healthy human.
-To check for saftey.
What is a double blind trial?
The test group recieve the actuall drug however the control group recieves the placebo.
However the patients nor the doctor know who has the placebo and the real one.
Why is a double blind trial used?
Stop bias incase the doctor pay more attention to pacient with the real drug.
What is a Eukaryotic cell?
A cell with a nuclues like an animal and plant cell.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell withoguht nuclues like a bacteria cell.
What are the main diffrence of Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell?
Pro are much smaller as no nuclues,
Eukaryotic have nuclues whilee pro doesnt.
What does Xylem transport?
Water minerals from roots to the other plants of plant.
What does phloem transport?
Transport sucrose and amino acid around the plant.
What is the diffrence between Xylem and Phloem?
1.Phloem can carry sugar in both direction while xylem can only carry water and mineral from 1 direction(root to leaves).
2.Xylem made from dead cell while phloem made from living cell.
3.Phloem does translocation while Xylem does translocation.
Food test and result for starch.
Iodine solution and goes from orange to blue black.
Food test and result for lipids.
ethanol and if posotive becomes a cloudy emulsion
Food test and result for protiens.
Biuret reagent goes from blue to purple
Food test and results for sugar?
Heated Benedic solution blue to brick red
What is the process a Xylem does?
Transpiration
What is the process a phloem does?
Translocation
Food test and result for starch.
Iodine solution and goes from orange to blue black.
How do you get from micrometer to mm?
/1000
What is a stent?
A wire mesh that can be inserted to expand lumen to improve blood flow.
What are statins?
Drugs which reduce the level of chloestrole in the blood which in turn slows down the rate fatty acid build up in arterys.
What are advantage of statins?
Proven to reduce the risk of coronery heart disease.
What are dis-advantage of statins?
Unwanted side effects eg.liver problem
What is the advantage of stents?
Blood can flow normally through artery.
What are dis-advantage of stents?
Wont prevent other region of coronary artery from narrowing(Doesnt treat underlying causes)
What is other type of cardiovascual disease involve?
Heart Valves
What happens if heart valves dont fully open?
Blood has to be pump extremely hard to get blood through leading to heart to enlargen.
What happens if heart valves are leaky?
Cause patient to feel weak and tired.
What is the need for a waxy cuticle?
Waterproof layer to stop water leaving the cell
What is the upper epidermes?
Transparant layer to let light through
What 3 things increase rate of transpiration?
Increase wind,temp and less humdity
What do bacteria do?
Release toxin in body that damage cell
What do virus do?
Reproduce by inserting gene into cell which cause them to prduce more copies.
What does Rose balck spot do?
Cause leaves to fall off
What does Tobbaco mosaic cirus do?
Discolour the leaves so less chlorophyll so stunted growth.
What do lymphocytes produce?
Produce anti-toxins to neutralise toxins and antibodie to bind to antigens
What do phagocytes do?
Ingest Pathogens
What is 4 things glucose is made from?
1.Respiration
2.Making starch to store energy
3.Making cellulous
4.Make amino acid for protein
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reaction in the body.
Tell me the scale measurement in order?
1.Micrometer
2.nanometer
3.millimter
4.m
5.km
If we going to the right of the scale measurement what does we do?
/1000
If we going to the left of the scale measurement what does we do?
*1000
How is the villi adapted to absorption?
1.Many microvilli(which are hairs) increase Sa for absorption.
Give the run through of trial.
1.Preclinical trial of new drug on live animal to test for efficay dosage and toxicity.
2.Clinical trials on healthy vollunteer and on patient with the disease on low dosage to test for saftey.
3.Then can run trials to find optimum dosage and test for efficacy.
4.Use double blind trial/placebo(which isnt the drug)
5.Peer review data to avoid bias.
3 way the aveoli adapted to gas exchange?
1.Made up of one layer of very thin cells and next to blood capillary so short diffusion path.
2.Very large Surface area so lots of space for diffusion
3.Aveoli walls are moist so gas disolves increasing rate of diffusion.
What happen to lactic acid in our body?
Blood carry out lactic acid to the liver where it reacts with oxygen and is converted back to glucose.
What are pathogens?
Microraganism that can cause infection disease
What are all the limiting factors of photosynthesis?
Light intensity,co2 concentration, temperature and amount of chloroplast.
