Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Biology Paper 1 > Flashcards

Biology Paper 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do microscopes allow us to do?

A

Magnify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are light microscopes?

A

Light microscopes have a limited magnification and resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are electron microscopes?

A

Electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification=image size/real size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do we calculate total magnification?

A

Total magnification= magnification of eyepiece lens x magnification of objective lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have their genetic material inside of a nucleus (animal and plant cells), Prokaryotes have their genetic material outside of a nucleus (bacterial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are a lot smaller than eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the genetic material (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what can leave and enter the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 3 features that plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall and a vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Contains chlorophyll- site of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Contains cellulose which strengthens and supports the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap which gives the plant cell its shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the sperm cell?

A

To swim to the egg cell, we call this fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

Genetic material of the egg cell and sperm cell combine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for their function?

A

They have a long tail to help them swim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why are sperm cells packed full of mitochondria?

A

To provide energy for swimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why do sperm cells contain enzymes?

A

To digest their way through the outer layer of the egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the job of a nerve cell?

A

To send electrical impulses around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Carries electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the myelin?

A

Insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerves and impluses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of the synapses?

A

Junctions which allow the impulse to pass from one nerve to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why do muscles contain protein fibre?

A

To help muscles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of the muscle cells?

A

To contract and perform movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are muscle cells adapted for their function?

A

They have lots of mitochondria which provide energy for moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of the root hair cell?

A

Absorb water and minerals from the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?

A

They have a large surface area to absorb water and minerals more quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does air get from the mouth and nose to the blood via the lungs?

A

When we breathe in, air travels down the trachea, the trachea then branches into two tubes called bronchi, which leads to the lungs, in the lungs these tubes split into smaller tubes called bronchioles, and on the end of the bronchioles, there is alveoli, where oxygen is diffused into the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide is a waste product, this is called gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

3 ways the alveoli are adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

1) large surface area for the many tiny air sacs
2)thin walls for efficient gas exchange
3)surrounded by capillaries to increase contact between air and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

a cell that carries out a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic building blocks that make up all living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

As the temperature increases, so does the kinetic energy, so the particles can diffuse more quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

As the surface area increases, the rate of diffusion also increases because there is more space for molecules to diffuse across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is a less concentrated solution?

A

A solution that has a lower amount of solute dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Complete the gaps in the sentence: the … the object or cell, the … the surface area:volume ratio

A

The larger the object or cell, the smaller the surface area to volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

A concentration gradient occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does a concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster molecules will diffuse

46
Q

What is active transport?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration

47
Q

Describe how root hair cells take in mineral ions

A

Root hair cells take in minerals through active transport

48
Q

How do you calculate the surface area of a cube?

A

Surface area = length x width

49
Q

How do you calculate the volume of a cube?

A

Volume=length x width x height

50
Q

How do you calculate surface area:volume ratio

A

Surface area:volume ratio=surface area/volume

51
Q

How are the villi adapted for diffusion?

A

1) single layer of surface cells
2) very good blood supply
3) thin wall for short diffusion distance

52
Q

How are leaves adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

1) large surface area
2) thin for short diffusion distance
3) many stomata

53
Q

What is the order of organs in the digestive system?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intestine, anus

54
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts

55
Q

How does an enzyme break down a substrate?

A

An enzyme breaks down a substrate through the lock and key theory, a substrate collides with the active site of an enzyme and becomes attached, the enzyme then breakdown the substrate

56
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

Increasing temperature -> speeds up enzyme activity

57
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

pH value increases -> decreases enzyme activity

58
Q

How do we investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

Using a syringe, add amylase solution and buffer solution to a test tube, then immediately sit the test tube in a water bath and set a stop clock for 5 minutes

59
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The thing you change

60
Q

What is a dependant variable?

A

The thing you measure

61
Q

What is a control variable?

A

The thing you keep the same

62
Q

What is the independent, dependant and control variable in the investigation of effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

Independent= pH level
Dependant= enzyme activity
Control=amount of substrate used

63
Q

What is the substrate and product of carbohydrase and where is it made?

A

Substrate=starch
Product=glucose
Made in= mouth, pancreas and small in intestine

64
Q

What is the substrate and product of protease and where is it made?

A

Substrate= proteins
Product=amino acids
Made in= stomach, pancreas and small intestine

65
Q

What is the substrate and product of lipase and where is it made?

A

Substrate= lipids
Product= glycerol and fatty acids
Made in= pancreas

66
Q

What are the 2 uses of bile in digestion?

A

1) to carry away waste
2) to break down fats

67
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be spread from person to person

68
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A

A disease that cannot be spread from person to person

69
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well being

70
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

71
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists

72
Q

How does bacteria make us feel ill?

A

Bacteria reproduces very rapidly and releases toxins which damage our tissues

73
Q

How do viruses make us feel ill?

A

Viruses live and reproduce inside our cells, causing cell damage when they burst out the cell

74
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A

1) air
2) water
3) direct contact

75
Q

How can we reduce the spread of pathogens?

A

1) washing hands
2) providing clean drinking water
3) self isolation
4) vaccination

76
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A

Fever, skin rash

77
Q

How is measles spread

A

In droplets

78
Q

What type of pathogen are measles and HIV?

A

Viruses

79
Q

What are symptoms of HIV?

A

flu like symptoms, damaged immune system

80
Q

What can be used to stop HIV getting worse?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

81
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

through sexual contact

82
Q

How do we prevent getting HIV?

A

wearing protection during sexual intercourse

83
Q

What type of pathogen are salmonella and gonorrhoea?

A

Bacteria

84
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Digesting infected food

85
Q

What are symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhoea

86
Q

How do we prevent salmonella spreading?

A

Vaccinating chickens

87
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

Through sexual intercourse

88
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Yellow/green discharge, pain when urinating

89
Q

How do we prevent gonorrhoea?

A

Wearing protection

90
Q

What type of pathogen is malaria?

A

Protist

91
Q

What are symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever

92
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Through mosquitoes

93
Q

How can we prevent the spread of malaria?

A

Stopping vectors from breeding

94
Q

How does skin protect us?

A

It forms a protective layer, produces an oily substance which kills bacteria, forms scabs when skin is broken

95
Q

How does the nose protect us?

A

Nose hairs trap pathogens

96
Q

How do the lungs protect us?

A

They have cilia which trap pathogens

97
Q

How does the stomach protect us?

A

Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria

98
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Destroy pathogens and protects us if the same bacteria tries to infect us again

99
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Ingest and destroy pathogens

100
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Sticks to pathogens and destroys them

101
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Stick to toxins and prevents them from damaging cells

102
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis?

A

To let light through

103
Q

What is the function of the waxy cuticle?

A

Waterproof layer

104
Q

What if the function of the palisade layer?

A

Where most photosynthesis occurs

105
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transports water

106
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transports water and other mineral salts

107
Q

What is the function of the spongy metoprolol layer?

A

Where gas exchange occurs

108
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

Control water loss

109
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

Regulate gas exchange between the plant and the environment

110
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

When bacteria can no longer be killed by an antibiotic

111
Q

Can antibiotics kill viruses?

A

No

112
Q

What is heard immunity

A

When a large part of the population are vaccinated against a disease, this can reduce the chance of people coming into contact with specific pathogens

Science (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions