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Biology Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis

A

When one parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What can stem cells be used for

A

To treat Parkinson’s by growing new brain cells

To treat organ failure by growing new parts of organs

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3
Q

Why do stem cells create controversy

A

Because human embryos are killed to extract stem cells and could go against religious or personal beliefs

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4
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells that have not undergone differentiation (it hasn’t become a specialised cell with a function)

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5
Q

What are some examples of enzymes

A

Amylase,protease,lipase

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6
Q

What is the lock and key theory

A

Enzymes have a very particular active site so only a few substrates are going to fit
When joined they form an enzyme-substrate complex
After that enzymes will beak things apart or join them together

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7
Q

How does temperature affect enzymes

A

Their optimal temperature is 37 degrees but after that they become denatured

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8
Q

How does PH affect enzyme activity

A

Their optimal temperature is 7 and anything after that they will denature

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9
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory system

A

Mouth,oesophagus,trachea,bronchus,ribs,bronchiole,alveoli,intercostal muscles,heart,diaphragm

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10
Q

What does the mouth do in the respiratory system

A

Air goes in

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11
Q

What is the trachea

A

The wind pipe

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12
Q

What is the bronchus

A

A branch of the trachea

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13
Q

What do the ribs do

A

Protect the lungs

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14
Q

What is the bronchiole

A

A branch of the bronchus

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15
Q

What happens in the alveoli

A

Gas exchange ( they have a large surface area to aid this)

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16
Q

What do intercostal muscles do

A

They allow the rib cage to expand

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17
Q

What does the heart do

A

Pump blood around the body

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18
Q

What does the diaphragm do

A

Moves up and down to bring air in and out

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19
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system

A

It’s a double system

Blood gets pumped from the heart to the lungs and then around the rest of the body

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20
Q

Why is the left side of the heart larger than the right

A

Because the left die has to pump blood around the body whereas the right only pumps it a short distance to the lungs

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21
Q

What type of blood to arteries carry

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood apart from the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood

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22
Q

What type of blood to veins carry

A

Deoxygenated blood apart from the pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood

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23
Q

What can be used if the heart isn’t functioning properly

A

A pace maker signals the heart to beat when beating to slow

Artificial valves In place of valves that don’t work properly

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24
Q

What do valves do

A

Prevent the backward flow of blood

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25
What is the path of blood through the heart
``` Vena cava Atrium Ventricle artery vein Atrium Ventricle Aorta ```
26
What is an artery
Blood vessels which deliver oxygen rich blood to the heart | They have thick walls (they carry blood under pressure )and thin lumins
27
What are capillaries
Tiny blood vessels which carry blood and nutrients Very small 1cm think Very thin to allow for diffusion Large surface area
28
What are veins
Carry deoxygenated towards the heart Thin walls Thick lumin
29
What is the blood made up of
Platlets Red blood cells White blood cells
30
What is the function of a red blood cell
To transport oxygenated blood around the body | Have no nucleus so there is more room for oxygen
31
What happens when you get a cardiovascular disease
Fatty deposits start building up around the arteries Form blood clots which block arteries Restrict oxygen to some cells and they die If too many die this can lead to a heart attack
32
What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Smoking High blood pressure Too much salt or fat
33
What is health
An overall state of physical and mental well-being
34
What can health be affected by
Genes Diet Community Exercise
35
What are epidemiology studies
They look at the levels of health and illness in a population Wide population is used and people are studied for years
36
What is cancer
When cells begin to divide uncontrollably and lead to lumps
37
What is the difference between benign and malignant
Benign is slow and generally harmless | Malignant is fast growing,aggressive and mobile
38
What are risk factors for cancer
Smoking Diet Sun exposure Unprotected sex
39
What is the word equation for photosynthesis
Water + carbon dioxide ➡️oxygen + glucose 6h2o+6co2➡️6o2+C6H12O6
40
What can limit photosynthesis
Co2 level Light intensity Temperature Amount of chlorophyll
41
What happens on rate of photosynthesis graphs
They increase to a point and if they begin going straight it means they cannot increase anymore because something has become the limiting factor
42
What are parts of a plant cell
``` Cell membrane Cell wall vacuole Cytoplasm Ribosomes Chloroplasts Mitochondria Nucleus ```
43
What are the parts of an animal cell
``` Cell membrane Mitochondria Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosomes Vacuole ```
44
What are the elements of the digestive system
``` Mouth Salivary gland Liver Gall bladder Stomach Small intestine Pancreas Large intestine Rectum ```
45
What does the mouth do in the digestive system
Mechanical break down
46
What do the salivary glands do
Produce amylase
47
What does the liver do
Produces bile which emulsified fat and neutralises stomach acid
48
What does the gall bladder do
Stores bile
49
What does the stomach do
Churns up food Kills bacteria Provides environment for protease to work
50
What does the small intestine do
Moves glucose and ions to the blood and has a large surface area
51
What does the pancreas do
Produces hormones like insulin and glucagon and also produces enzymes
52
What does the large intestine do
Removes excess water
53
What does the rectum do
Removes waste
54
What does lipase do
Breaks down fats into fatty acids Made in the PANCREAS and SMALL intestine Only works in the small intestine
55
What does protease do
Breaks down protein into amino acids Made in the stomach,pancreas and small intestine Works in the stomach and small intestine
56
What does amylase do
Breaks down starch into sugars Is made in the salivary glands,pancreas and small intestine Works in the mouth and small intestine
57
What is tissue
One type of cell carrying out a function
58
What is an organ
Different types of cells carrying out a joint function
59
What is an organ system
Groups of organs carrying out a function
60
What is a pathogen
Microorganism that causes disease
61
What are some types of pathogens
Virus Bacteria Fungi Protists
62
What can communicable diseases be spread by
``` The air Touching Blood Sexual fluids Vectors ```
63
Examples of bacterial disease
Salmonella and gonorrhoea
64
What is salmonella
Spread by infected foods most famously raw meats | Can cause vomiting,cramps and diarrhoea
65
What is gonorrhoea
STD Causes thick green discharge from the penis or vagina and pain when urinating Can lead to blindness in a new born baby
66
What are vaccinations
They help the body to produce immunity against a disease
67
How do vaccines work
Injected into the blood Contain a small amazing of dead or inactive pathogen This stimulates the immune system to develop antibodies so further infections can be dealt with faster
68
Advantages of vaccinations
Herd immunity | Can completely eradicate some disease
69
Disadvantages of vaccinations
Don’t always work | Side effects
70
How quickly can bacteria divide
In good conditions,once every 20 minutes
71
Why do bacteria become resistant
Overuse in humans and agriculture | Not finishing prescribed antibiotics
72
What do new drugs need to be tested for
Toxicity Efficacy Dose
73
``` What are: Penicillin Aspirin Digitalis derived from ```
Penicillin=mould on bacteria plate Aspirin=willow bark Digitalis=fox gloves
74
What do aphids do
Sick water and nutrients out of plants
75
Equation for respiration
Glucose+oxygen➡️water + carbon dioxide | C6H12O6+6O2➡️6H2O+6Co2
76
Is respiration endo or exothermic ?
Exothermic
77
What is the equation for respiration in yeast
Yeast+glucose➡️carbon dioxide+ethanol
78
What does anaerobic mean
Without oxygen
79
Equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose➡️energy+lactic acid
80
What is metabolism
The rate of chemical reactions in the body
81
Where does respiration take place
The mitochondria
82
What do lipids do
Maintain cell structure and store energy
83
What is glucose made into
Starch Cellulose Glycogen

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