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Biology Paper 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mitosis

A

When one parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What can stem cells be used for

A

To treat Parkinson’s by growing new brain cells

To treat organ failure by growing new parts of organs

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3
Q

Why do stem cells create controversy

A

Because human embryos are killed to extract stem cells and could go against religious or personal beliefs

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4
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells that have not undergone differentiation (it hasn’t become a specialised cell with a function)

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5
Q

What are some examples of enzymes

A

Amylase,protease,lipase

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6
Q

What is the lock and key theory

A

Enzymes have a very particular active site so only a few substrates are going to fit
When joined they form an enzyme-substrate complex
After that enzymes will beak things apart or join them together

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7
Q

How does temperature affect enzymes

A

Their optimal temperature is 37 degrees but after that they become denatured

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8
Q

How does PH affect enzyme activity

A

Their optimal temperature is 7 and anything after that they will denature

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9
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory system

A

Mouth,oesophagus,trachea,bronchus,ribs,bronchiole,alveoli,intercostal muscles,heart,diaphragm

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10
Q

What does the mouth do in the respiratory system

A

Air goes in

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11
Q

What is the trachea

A

The wind pipe

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12
Q

What is the bronchus

A

A branch of the trachea

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13
Q

What do the ribs do

A

Protect the lungs

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14
Q

What is the bronchiole

A

A branch of the bronchus

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15
Q

What happens in the alveoli

A

Gas exchange ( they have a large surface area to aid this)

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16
Q

What do intercostal muscles do

A

They allow the rib cage to expand

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17
Q

What does the heart do

A

Pump blood around the body

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18
Q

What does the diaphragm do

A

Moves up and down to bring air in and out

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19
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system

A

It’s a double system

Blood gets pumped from the heart to the lungs and then around the rest of the body

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20
Q

Why is the left side of the heart larger than the right

A

Because the left die has to pump blood around the body whereas the right only pumps it a short distance to the lungs

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21
Q

What type of blood to arteries carry

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood apart from the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood

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22
Q

What type of blood to veins carry

A

Deoxygenated blood apart from the pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood

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23
Q

What can be used if the heart isn’t functioning properly

A

A pace maker signals the heart to beat when beating to slow

Artificial valves In place of valves that don’t work properly

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24
Q

What do valves do

A

Prevent the backward flow of blood

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25
Q

What is the path of blood through the heart

A 
Vena cava 
Atrium 
Ventricle 
artery 
vein 
Atrium 
Ventricle 
Aorta
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26
Q

What is an artery

A

Blood vessels which deliver oxygen rich blood to the heart

They have thick walls (they carry blood under pressure )and thin lumins

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27
Q

What are capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels which carry blood and nutrients
Very small 1cm think
Very thin to allow for diffusion
Large surface area

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28
Q

What are veins

A

Carry deoxygenated towards the heart
Thin walls
Thick lumin

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29
Q

What is the blood made up of

A

Platlets
Red blood cells
White blood cells

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30
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell

A

To transport oxygenated blood around the body

Have no nucleus so there is more room for oxygen

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31
Q

What happens when you get a cardiovascular disease

A

Fatty deposits start building up around the arteries
Form blood clots which block arteries
Restrict oxygen to some cells and they die
If too many die this can lead to a heart attack

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32
Q

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

Smoking
High blood pressure
Too much salt or fat

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33
Q

What is health

A

An overall state of physical and mental well-being

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34
Q

What can health be affected by

A

Genes
Diet
Community
Exercise

35
Q

What are epidemiology studies

A

They look at the levels of health and illness in a population
Wide population is used and people are studied for years

36
Q

What is cancer

A

When cells begin to divide uncontrollably and lead to lumps

37
Q

What is the difference between benign and malignant

A

Benign is slow and generally harmless

Malignant is fast growing,aggressive and mobile

38
Q

What are risk factors for cancer

A

Smoking
Diet
Sun exposure
Unprotected sex

39
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Water + carbon dioxide ➡️oxygen + glucose

6h2o+6co2➡️6o2+C6H12O6

40
Q

What can limit photosynthesis

A

Co2 level
Light intensity
Temperature
Amount of chlorophyll

41
Q

What happens on rate of photosynthesis graphs

A

They increase to a point and if they begin going straight it means they cannot increase anymore because something has become the limiting factor

42
Q

What are parts of a plant cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Cell wall
vacuole 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus
43
Q

What are the parts of an animal cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes 
Vacuole
44
Q

What are the elements of the digestive system

A 
Mouth 
Salivary gland 
Liver 
Gall bladder 
Stomach 
Small intestine 
Pancreas 
Large intestine 
Rectum
45
Q

What does the mouth do in the digestive system

A

Mechanical break down

46
Q

What do the salivary glands do

A

Produce amylase

47
Q

What does the liver do

A

Produces bile which emulsified fat and neutralises stomach acid

48
Q

What does the gall bladder do

A

Stores bile

49
Q

What does the stomach do

A

Churns up food
Kills bacteria
Provides environment for protease to work

50
Q

What does the small intestine do

A

Moves glucose and ions to the blood and has a large surface area

51
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Produces hormones like insulin and glucagon and also produces enzymes

52
Q

What does the large intestine do

A

Removes excess water

53
Q

What does the rectum do

A

Removes waste

54
Q

What does lipase do

A

Breaks down fats into fatty acids
Made in the PANCREAS and SMALL intestine
Only works in the small intestine

55
Q

What does protease do

A

Breaks down protein into amino acids
Made in the stomach,pancreas and small intestine
Works in the stomach and small intestine

56
Q

What does amylase do

A

Breaks down starch into sugars
Is made in the salivary glands,pancreas and small intestine
Works in the mouth and small intestine

57
Q

What is tissue

A

One type of cell carrying out a function

58
Q

What is an organ

A

Different types of cells carrying out a joint function

59
Q

What is an organ system

A

Groups of organs carrying out a function

60
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Microorganism that causes disease

61
Q

What are some types of pathogens

A

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists

62
Q

What can communicable diseases be spread by

A 
The air 
Touching 
Blood 
Sexual fluids 
Vectors
63
Q

Examples of bacterial disease

A

Salmonella and gonorrhoea

64
Q

What is salmonella

A

Spread by infected foods most famously raw meats

Can cause vomiting,cramps and diarrhoea

65
Q

What is gonorrhoea

A

STD
Causes thick green discharge from the penis or vagina and pain when urinating
Can lead to blindness in a new born baby

66
Q

What are vaccinations

A

They help the body to produce immunity against a disease

67
Q

How do vaccines work

A

Injected into the blood
Contain a small amazing of dead or inactive pathogen
This stimulates the immune system to develop antibodies so further infections can be dealt with faster

68
Q

Advantages of vaccinations

A

Herd immunity

Can completely eradicate some disease

69
Q

Disadvantages of vaccinations

A

Don’t always work

Side effects

70
Q

How quickly can bacteria divide

A

In good conditions,once every 20 minutes

71
Q

Why do bacteria become resistant

A

Overuse in humans and agriculture

Not finishing prescribed antibiotics

72
Q

What do new drugs need to be tested for

A

Toxicity
Efficacy
Dose

73
Q 
What are:
Penicillin 
Aspirin 
Digitalis 
derived from
A

Penicillin=mould on bacteria plate
Aspirin=willow bark
Digitalis=fox gloves

74
Q

What do aphids do

A

Sick water and nutrients out of plants

75
Q

Equation for respiration

A

Glucose+oxygen➡️water + carbon dioxide

C6H12O6+6O2➡️6H2O+6Co2

76
Q

Is respiration endo or exothermic ?

A

Exothermic

77
Q

What is the equation for respiration in yeast

A

Yeast+glucose➡️carbon dioxide+ethanol

78
Q

What does anaerobic mean

A

Without oxygen

79
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose➡️energy+lactic acid

80
Q

What is metabolism

A

The rate of chemical reactions in the body

81
Q

Where does respiration take place

A

The mitochondria

82
Q

What do lipids do

A

Maintain cell structure and store energy

83
Q

What is glucose made into

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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