Biology Paper 1 Flashcards
What are the adaptions of the red blood cell?
Biconcave in shape to increase surface area for oxygen to diffuse.
No nucleus for more room for more haemoglobin. More haemoglobin to carry more oxygen.
What are the adaptations of a white blood cell?
Phagocytes can change shape to engulf pathogens.
Neutrophils have a lobed nucleus to squeeze through small spaces.
What is the test for sugars?
Add Benedict solution and heat for 2 minutes. The solution will turn brick red/ orange.
What is the test for starch?
Add iodine solution. If starch is present the solution will turn Blue/Black.
What is the test for protein?
Add Benedict reagent. If protein is present the solution will turn lilac.
What is the test for lipids?
Add ethanol to food sample and distilled water. If lipids are present then emulsion is formed.
How do stem cells differentiate?
As stem cells divide each cell is exposed to a different chemical or hormone causing it to differentiate.
The type of cell that the stem cell becomes depends on the hormone it is exposed to.
What is transpiration?
The loss of water from the top part of the plant.
What is translocation?
The movement of sugar sap up and down the plant.
What is a communicable disease?
Caused by pathogens that are spread from one person or animal to another.
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease.
What are the 4 types of pathogen?
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protists.
What is the definition of an outbreak?
A disease that begins to affect many people in a short amount of time.
How is measles spread?
By breathing in droplets from sneezing or coughing.
How is HIV spread?
Transmitted through sexual contact or contact with infected blood.
