Biology Of Trees Flashcards
Abscission zone is
Found at the base or the leaf stalk, or petiole.
Serves two functions:
1: enables leaf drop
2: protects the region of the stem from pathogen.
Epicormic
Then dormant buds elongate and produce shoots, these shoots are called epicormic.
Adventitious buds are
Are produced along the stems or roots where primary meristems are not normally found.
Node
A slightly enlarged portion of a twig with leaf buds arise
Inter-node
Is the area between the nodes
Apical
Buds located at the end of the shoot or called apical
Ring porous
Trees that form wide vessels early in the growing season and now are vessels later in the season I called ring porous.
Ulmus
Quercus
Fraxinus
Diffuse porous
Trees the produce vessels in uniform size throughout the growing season.
Acer
Plantanus
Populus
Xylem has dead and live tissues
They are called
Symplasm is live
Apoplasm dead
Xylem of gymnosperms (pines) is composed of
Tracheids
Fibers
Parenchyma
Tracheids do what
Tracheids conduct water and provide mechanical support our elongated dead cells with pointy ends and second walls
Parenchyma cells do what
Parenchyma cells are living cells interspersed among the other xylem cells parenchyma cells are located in the outer layers of the xylem store carbohydrates help defend against decay and have a structural function across the green
meristems
The division of existing cells within a Tree occurs and specialized zones called meristems
Differentiation
Following division during the meristematic process, cells undergo differentiation which changes the structure and permits them to assume a variety of specific functions.
Two types of Meristems
Primary. Which produce cells that result in elongation of shoots and roots. (
Secondary. Known as lateral meristems which produce cells that result in increases in diameter
Meristematic growth happening in the shoots and root tips is called:
Primary growth
Meristems on the stem and branches is called
Presence of secondary meristems growing within the stands branches and roots producing wood are called: secondary growth
Two types of secondary or lateral meristems.
1: Cambium (produces vascular system/ xylem and phloem)
2: cork cambium produces bark (periderm)
Xylem has four functions:
1: conduction of water and dissolved minerals
2: supports tue weight of the tree
3: stores carbohydrate reserves
4: Defence against the spread of disease and a K
When cutting through a tree you cut in order
1: bark
Then
Bark Phloem Cambium Xylem Sapwood/heartwood
Anthocyanin and carotenoids are:
Red or purple pigment in deciduous trees. Anthocyanin
Yellow oranges and reds. Carotenoids
Root and root tip anatomy
Area where the roots join the main stem is called the root crown. Zone of rapid taper. Root hair Region of differentiation Region of elongation Meristematic zone Root cap
Amon-eye nut
A Specialize not used in keeping trees that has a large I for attaching a cable to a threaded rod
Angiosperm
A plant with seeds born with an Ovary consists of two large groups
Monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
Monocotyledons are
Grass
Palms
Dicotyledons are most
Most woody trees shrubs herbaceous plants
Antigibberellin
Plant growth regulator that inhibits the action of the plant hormone Gibberellin.
Auxin
Auxin is a plant growth regulator
Produced at the canopy shoot tips.
Important to root development.
Aumentation
The release of Beneficial organisms to suppress past insect or might populations
Biorational control product
Control product or pesticide formulate from naturally occurring plant extracts microbes microbial by products
A Disease or disorder regardless of the causal agent that kills young plant tissues is called
Blight
Tree cabling system that farms close to polygons is called a
Box cable system
Fungal wood rot characterized by the breakdown of cellulose is called
Brown rot
A metal knob to use to fix the ends of steel cable strands to terminate a cable installation is called a
Cable stop
Water held and capillary pores of the soil it’s called
Capillary water.
Much of this water can move in any direction is readily available to plant roots
Positively charged ions and soils are called
Cation.
How most abundant Catalans are calcium magnesium potassium sodium aluminum
ANION. Negative
And determining legal liability the test of Proximate cause and foreseeability of consequences is called a
Causation in fact
A chemical compound Keeps plant nutrients i.e. iron soluble and available for Plant absorption over broad range of pH is called
Chelate
So the particles of the typical brain size less than .004 mm it’s called
Clay
Knot used to secure a rope to an object is called a
Clove hitch
Specialize cell in the angiosperms phloem from the same parents cell as the closely associated, immediately adjacent to the sive tube members is called
Companion cell
Contact pesticide
Materials that cause Pest injury or death on contact
Conventional notch is
45° night with a horizontal bottom cut
Containerized
Field grown Plant placed in a container for a time and then sold as a potted plant
CTLA
Council tree and landscape appraisers
Cytokinin
Cytokinins are produced in the roots.
instrumental in shoot initiation and growth.
Excurrent and
Decurrent
Excurrent is pyramid in shape
Decurrent is rounded
The plant with two cotyledons in it’s embryo is called a
Dicotyledon
Method of tying a root ball of a ball and burlap tree for moving is colder
Drum lace
The method of non-rigid materials for supporting a Tree or cabling is called
Dynamic cabling system
Arising from. Latent advantageous bud is called what kind of growth
Epicormic growth
The loss of water by evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration by plants is called
Evapotranspiration
A group of plants within a species having distinct variations that occur sporadically and naturally it’s called
Forma
And landscape find a set of goals pertaining to the future needs and function of the site are called
Functional goals
Constructed in animate elements of a landscape such as walls pathways in seats made of wood stone or other materials are called
Hard scape
Cutting and shoot back to abide or cutting branches back to Bud’s stubs or lateral branch is not large enough to assume apical dominance is called
Heading cut or heading back cut
The construction consisting of a braided rope with no core is called
Hollow braid
The sugary substance secreted by certain insects including aphids and some scaling plants when feeding on plants is called
Honey dew
The study of properties distribution in the effects of water on the earth surface underground and in the atmosphere is called
Hydrology
Group of plants in a landscape with similar water requirements or in a specific what
Hydrozone
A device capsule or pellet insert it into the trees xylem system to treat or prevent diseases and disorders of pest problems is called an
Implant
A device used to take course samples from trees to determine age or detect problems such as decays called an
Increment borer
An atom or group of atoms With a positive or negative charge are called
Ions
A green building rating system developed by the US Green building Council provide stands for in farming with sustainable construction and building management projects
Leed building
Tip of the leaf blade is called
Leaf apex
The point of attachment of a leaf petiole
Leaf axil
Irregularly shaped periods of disease unplanned foliage is called
Leaf blotch
Patches of disease Or other damage on plant foliage is called
Leaf spot
Organic substance that impregnates certain cell walls to thicken and Strank’s in the cell and to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage is called
Lignin
Essential element that is required by plants and relatively large quantities is called
Macro nutrient
Relatively large space between soil particles that is usually airfield and allows for water movement And rate penetration is called a
Macropore
Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in the root tips buds cambium cork cambium and latent buds
Meristem
Closest distance a worker tool or equipment or treat part is permitted near overhead electrical conductors is called the
Minimum approach distance
Scientific naming system for living organisms it’s called
Nomenclature
Send all living cells essential and photosynthesis real transport energy storage and production of Protective compounds
parenchyma cells
The outer layer of tissue of where the roots and stems consisting of court Kalium and the tissues produce but such is bark is called
Pariderm
Naturally produced organic alcohol with acidic properties. One of several chemical defence compounds in trees is called
Phenol
The relationship between climate and biological events such as flowering or leafing out of plants is called
Phenology
The comprehensive program to manage the health structure in appearance of plants in the landscape is called
PHC or plant health care
The legal term that describes an act or omission that can be attributed as cause of loss or injury is called
proximate cause
The Browning and shovelling a full inch especially at the leaf margin is called
Scorch
The eight types of lease margin
Serrate Serrulate Dentate crenate Double serrated Lobed Undulate Entire
designates an Advisory recommendation in the ANSI standards or contract documents
Should.
The phenomenon of lightning strike leaving its current path and jumping to reach a better grounded conductors called
Side flash
Specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport. exist only in angiosperms are called
Sieve tube elements
Particles with the grain size between .004 and .062 mm are more course then Clay is called
Silt
Physical evidence of a causal agent is called
Sign example insect eggs borehole fraz
Plant reaction to a disease or disorder i.e. wilting or die back is called
Symptom
DEcay located in the sapwood. Bark or cambium may be damaged or dad signs of this classification of rot are usually numerous
Sapwood rot
Mineral element required in moderate amounts by plants are called
Secondary nutrients
Tequila plant tissues characterized by the breakdown of tissues within the cell walls is called
Soft rot
So is relatively low levels or soluble salts and a concentration of sodium high enough to adversely affect sale structure is called
Sodic soil
Symptoms include waterlogging a Rosian saw surface crusting and poor plant growth
How fun was that appears as a black coating on the surface of leaves fruit branches another surface often found growing on sugary honey do excreted by aphids this fungus is called
Sooty mould
Degree of care that is reasonable person should exercise and formula duty of care is called the
Standard of care
The layer of material below the surface
Materials used to provide plants apart regulate moisture provide mineral nutrients to container plants is called a
Substrate
Organic substance produced by trees believed to be involved in the trees chemical defense process is called
Tannin
The region line between the Tropics and the poles that has relatively moderate temperatures is called
Temperate regions
What is an instrument used to measure soil moisture
Tensiometer
And image created by sending waves through an object which produces images of cross sections of the object
Tomogram
Elongated tampering xylem cell adapted for the support and transport of water elements is called a
Tracheid
Defined area which certain activities are prohibited restricted to prevent or minimize potential injury to designated Trees is called a
Tree protection zone or TPZ
iMessage to appraise the monetary value of trees considered too large to be replaced with Nursery stock or feel drawn stock based on developing a representative unit cost for replacement with the same or comparable species of the same size in the same place is called our
Trunk formula method
Document that describes how urban Forest goals are to be accomplished within a defined time frame including,task, priority,best management practises standards specifications budget and staffing is called in
Urban forest management plan
Flintridge and fertilizer in a form that is not readily soluble in water is called
WIN or water insoluble nitrogen
And I prayed at the karmic shoot arising from the trunk or branches of a plant above the route or soil line is called a
Water sprout
I’m going to K of wood in which both cellulose in Lincoln and are broken down is called
White rot
The end of a rope used for rigging and climbing is called the
Working and
The use of plant materials and practises that minimize landscaping water use and the term for environmentally friendly form of landscaping and Dry Clemence is called
XERISCAPING
Approved means
Acceptable to state and provincial regulators also equipment, (pants and boots)
Shall means what
Mandatory requirement
Csa
Canadian standards association
Humbolt
Or production felling notch. Undercut
Ansi z133 is a set of
Standards for arboriculture
Electrical conductor
Any overhead or underground electrical device. Including communications wires
Indirect contact
Is made when any part of the body touches any conductive object
Before starting work the supervisor must
Lay out a work plan
Whats a split tail
A short length of rope used to make a friction hitch
Standing part of a rope
The part thats not doing anything.
Static cable system
A cabling system that utilizes ridged materials rods steel cable
Threshold
In Integrated pest management pest population levels require action in hazard assessment risk assessment and risk management levels of risk required action
Xylem is different in angiosperms and gymnosperms
Angiosperms have xylem cells
Tracheids
Fibers
Parenchyma cells
Vessels (primary water conductors)
Xylem in gymnosperms
Tracheids
Fibers
Paranchyma
Which has more parenchyma cels gymnosperms or angiosperms
Angiosperms
Trachieds do what
Conduct water
Parenchyma cells do what
Store carbohydrates defend against decay and provide structure across the grain
Diffuse porus trees are what kind
Acer
Planetree
Populus
Tropical trees dont have growth what?
Rings
Components of the xylem
(Not gymnosperm)
Xylem transports minerals and water only
Tracheids
Parenchyma
Vessels
Fibers
Phloem in angiosperms
And not gymnosperms Have companion what?——-
Cells
Gymnosperms dont have companion cells in the phlome
Lag threaded rod (wood screw)
Most effective on small limbs and in hard wood
Five types of hormones
Auxin Cytokinins Gibberellin Ethylene Abscisic acid
What does cytokinin do
Produced at the root tips balances auxin and Signals growth or slows it.
What does gibberellin do
Required for plants to germinate.
Promotes elongation of internodes.
What does ethylene with cytokinin?
Works with cytokinins to cause the abscission of leaves, flowers and fruit
Ethylene does what
Inhibits leaf production during germination
Ripens fruit
Abscisic acid does what
Sends signals to the stomata to become flacid or less turgid and closes them
Signals dehydration,
Blocks auxin
Negligence is the failures to exercise what?
Negligence is the failure to exercise due care.
Three components of a risk assessment.
Potential tree failure
Load
Targets
White rot primarily decays the ————- between the cell walls in the wood
Lignin
Brown rot primarily decays the
Cellulose
