Biology of Schizophrenia

Question 1

What are negativ symptoms of Scizoprhenia

Answer 1

Question 2

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 2

Question 3

Describe the synthesis of dopamine

Answer 3

tyrosine—> DOPA—-> doamien

Question 4

describe the intracellular effect of Dopamine?

Answer 4

D1- excitatory

d2 ( inhbitory)

Question 5

what enzyme is involved in reuptake of dopamine

what eznyme breaks down Dopamine

Answer 5

dopam,ine active transporter DAT

Catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase break it down

Question 6

What are the pathways of the Dopamine in the brain

Answer 6

Mesocortical

meoslimbic

nigrostriatal

Question 7

where do the Mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways begin

Answer 7

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 8

how is the mesolimbic pathway implicated in Schizoprhenia

Answer 8

• responsible fore- reward, addiction, sesnsoyr processing

Schizo- Hyperativity of the D2 inhbitory receptors cause posiitve symptoms

Question 9

how is the mesocortical pathway suggested to be invovled in schizoprhenia

Answer 9

physiological- cognition and mood

Schizo- hypoactivity of D1 (exfcitatory receptors)- result in negaitve symptoms

Question 10

describe the synthesis of Noradrenaline

Answer 10

tyrosine— DOPA—— dopamine ——> Nadr

Question 11

describe the binding and effect of Nadr

Answer 11

bind alpha and beta adrenergic G-proteins coupled receptors

excitatory effect

upakte via NET (norepinephrien transporter)

broken down by Catechol-O- methyltransferases and monoamine oxidases

Question 12

describe the origin and the pathways of Nadr in the brain

what is the purpose

Answer 12

orgin- locus ceruleus (in the pons)

pathways to- cerbeellum, cortex, thalamus, limic system

prupose- arousal/wakefulness, attention , feeding behaviour

Question 13

Descibe the synthessi of serotoin (5-HT)

Answer 13

ryptophan—-> 5-hdroxy tryptophan—> 5-HT

Question 14

which enzyme breaks down serotonin

and what protein uptakes serotonin back into cell

Answer 14

5-HTT transporer

Monoamine oxidase breaks it down

Question 15

describe the pathways and origin of serootnin pathways in the brain

Answer 15

Raphe nucleus- origin

pathways- large areas of the brain- cerbelellum, cortec, striatum (caudate putamen)

hippocampus

Question 16

what is the function of serotonin?

clinicsal releavnce

Answer 16

control arousal

sleep/wake cyclce

mood and behaviours

appetite

CR- deficit linked to depression and anxiety

Question 17

what effects can Ach have on a cell

Answer 17

excitatory and inhbitory

Question 18

describe the 2 pathwasy of Ach in the brain

Answer 18

Basal forebrain nuceli - large parts of cortex- thalamus, amydala, hippocampus

Dorsal pontine /tegmental region- cerebellum, spinal cord, thalamus, hypothalmus,

Question 19

describe the action and receptor binign of gliutamate

Answer 19

Mainyl excitatory

iontorpci- AMPA

NMDA

Kainate Gprotein coupled

Question 20

what eznyme is involed in reabsorption iof Glutamate

Answer 20

EAAT ( ewxcitaotry amino acid transporters

Question 21

describe the pathways of Glutamate in the brain

Answer 21

widespread use - half of all brian synapses use glumaate

some main

Cortex, nucleus accumbens and basal ganglai

cortex ro brina stem

within cortex

Question 22

describe the synthesis of GABA

Answer 22

Question 23

describe the bidning and role of GABA

Answer 23

Inotropic GABA (a/c) and metabotrophic GABA B

main inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 24

describe the dopamine theory of Schizophrenia

Answer 24

hyperactivity of D2 (inhibitory)- mesolimbic- positive symptoms

hypoactivity of D1 (excitatory0 receptors give negative symptoms

Question 25

Describe the role of the Temporal love in psychosis

Answer 25

small hippocmapsu and increases activity in the region in schziphrenia

Question 26

describe the role of GABAergic neuroens in schizoprhenia

Answer 26

becoem damaged- reduced size of hippocmapsu

reduced inhbtiion and cotnrol of the are- increases activity of VTA + other ares