Biology Of Behavior Flashcards
Alleles
Copy of genes - more on this?
Types of gene transmission.
Monogenetic: hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene, very rare
Polygenetic: when many genes interact to create a single characteristic (height skin color eye color)- more common than monogenetic
Multiple alleluia inheritance ; both present ex. Blood type
Chromosome
Coiled up strand of DNA
Genome
All genetic info in DNA
Genes
Small segments of DNA that contain information for producing proteins.
Mutation
Change in genetic sequence
Dominant alleles
Show effect even with just one allele for that trait in the pair
Recessive alleles
Show their effects only when both alleles are the same
Gene by environment interaction research
Method of studying heritability by comparing genetic markers. Allows researchers to access how genetic differences interact with environment or o produce certain behaviors in some but not in others
Genotype
Entire genetic makeup of an organism
Epigenetics
Study of changes in the way genes are turned on or off without a change in the sequence of DNA
Phenotype
An organisms observed characteristics
Two nervous systems
Central
PeripherL
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
All other parts than the brain and the spine
Parts of the nervous system
Somatic and autonomic
Somatic nervous system
Nerve cells of peripheral nervous system that transmit sensory info to the central nervous system and those that transmit information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
Synaptic Vesicles
Tiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contain neurotransmitters
Glutamate
The brains major excitatory neurotransmitter
Important for learning,memory, neural processing,brain development
Facilitates growth and change in neurons and the migration of neurons to different sites of the brain (early brain development)
Seratonin
Plays a role in dreaming and controlling emotions
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Tells postsynaptic neurons not to fire
Slows CNS activity
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping and dreaming
Slows ANS activity
Cerebral cortex
Responsible for human thought, planning, consciousness
1/10 to 1/5 of an inch thick
Major regions of the brain from earliest to last (newest) development
Hind
Mid
Fore
Folds that cover each of the large haves of the brain
Cerebrum
MRI
Uses magnetic fields to produce finely detailed images of the structure (not the activity) of the brain
Resting potential
Difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest
Aphasia
Deficit in the ability to produce meaningful speech and comprehend language
Neurons
Cells that form the nervous system
Parts of a neuron
Soma Dendrites Terminal buttons Axon Some have myelin sheaths
Axon
Long projection that extends from a neurons soma and transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron
Two parts of peripheral nervous system
Somatic-voluntary movements
Autonomic-involuntary movements
Two parts of autonomic
Sympathetic- fight or flight or freeze
Parasympathetic-respond to sympathetic nervous system and calms us down
Glial
The glue that holds the nervous system together
Types of neurons
Motor: tell you to move (uses both somatic and autonomic) also mirror neurons (neurons fire when you’re watching something but you’re not doing the thing)
Sensory: helps you do all your senses
Interneurons: communicates with other neurons
What kind of info do dendrites receive?
Chemical- moves across as electrical
Twin studies
Needed to study genetically identical people who have different manifestations of genes.
Epigenetics
Epigenetics
Genes and stress
Stress or environment can turn on or off genetic tags … not changing genes but changes the activity and expression
Polygenic transmission.
Traits coming by interaction of multiple genes
