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GSTDY > Biology Of Aging > Flashcards

Biology Of Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What is Aging?

A

PATTERN of LIFE CHANGES that occurs as one grows older

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2
Q

Gerontology

A

Study of INDIVIDUAL and

COLLECTIVE *aging processes

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3
Q

5 types of ages

A

1) functional 🏃🏾‍♀️
2) social - society’s expectations of when something should occur ( becoming parents at a certain age;graduate from high school, college, retire)
3) psychological- cognitive ( ability to learn and remember )and emotional( ability to manage feelings)
4) legal 🍷
5) biological - age of your body’s systems

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4
Q

Geriatrics

A

MEDICAL SCIENCE that focus on OLDER ADULTS

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5
Q

Do the aspects of the aging process makes us more vulnerable to illness and disease?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Is PATHOLOGY inevitable with age?

A

No

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7
Q

What are physical changes of an aging population is related to what?

A

Lifestyle choices

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8
Q

What makes the biggest impact on someone’s aging?

A

Lifestyle choices

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9
Q

Normal age-related changes of Head(2)

A

1) skull thickens

2) head size increases

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10
Q

Normal age-related changes of the Brain (1)

A

Brain decreases in size

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11
Q

Normal age-related changes of Hair (2)

A

1) gray and thinner

2) men may go bald

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12
Q

Normal age-related changes Eyesight (2)

A

1) lenses HARDEN; YELLOW;LOSE TRANSPARENCY

2) ability to see close objects diminishes

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13
Q

Normal age-related changes of the Ears (1)

A

Ability to hear HIGH frequency sounds diminishes

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14
Q

Normal age-related changes of Lungs(1)

A

VITAL capacity declines

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15
Q

Normal age-related changes of Urinary system(2)

A

1) Kidneys filter blood more SLOWLY

2) Bladder’s capacity DECLINES

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16
Q

Normal age-related changes of Bones(1)

A

Bones become less dense

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17
Q

Normal age-related changes of joints(1)

A

Wear and tear can cause breakdown of joint CARTILAGE

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18
Q

Normal age-related changes of Face(2)

A

1) NOSE and EARLOBE become longer

2) WRINKLES from facial expressions and sun exposure develop

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19
Q

Normal age-related changes of Skin (3)

A

1) Skin becomes THINNER and loses ELASTICITY
2) ⬇️FAT deposits under the skin
3) Age Spots on skin develop

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20
Q

Normal age-related changes of Heart (1)

A

⬇️Stroke Volume

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21
Q

Normal age-related changes of Reproductive System in Men (1)

A

⬇️testosterone levels ( ability to attain and maintain erection⬇️)

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22
Q

Normal age-related changes of Reproductive System in Women (3)

A

1) Menopause leads to ⬇️in estrogen levels that can cause hot flashes or mood swings
2) Vaginal secretions diminish and Vaginal walls become less Elastic
3) Breasts are LESS FIRM

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23
Q

Name 3 BIOLOGICAL changes of Vision that ARE NON-Normative aging ( not normal to aging):

A

1- cataracts
2- glaucoma
3-macular degeneration

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24
Q

Name 2 BIOLOGICAL changes of Hearing that ARE NON- Normative aging ( not normal to aging):

A

1-Tinnitus- due to certain disease or medications

2-SIGNIFICANT hearing loss- due to damage to ear structure

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25
Q

Name 1 BIOLOGICAL change of TASTE that ARE NON-Normative aging ( not normal to aging):

A

Dry mouth due to ⬇️saliva production

26
Q

Is dry mouth a normative biological change?

A

No, non- normative due to decreased saliva production

27
Q

Name 1 normative BIOLOGICAL change of Vision and when does it occur?

A

Presbyopia occurs in the 40s

28
Q

Name 1 Normative BIOLOGICAL change of hearing and when does it occur?

A

SUBTLE changes in hearing usually beginning in the 40s and progresses gradually with age

29
Q

Name 1 Normative BIOLOGICAL change of Smell and 2 reasons why:

A

Odor identification

  • likely due to environmental factors and
  • olfactory receptors not being replaced as COMPLETELY as younger adults
30
Q

Name 1 or probably 2 BIOLOGICAL changes of Smell that are Non-Normative and 3 reasons why:

A

1) loss of Smell
2) and likely Taste
Due to 1- URI
2- head trauma
3- nasal/sinus disease

31
Q

Name 1 Normative BIOLOGICAL change of Taste and when does it occur?

A

⬇️ in sense of Taste around 60-70 as Taste receptors change

32
Q

Are there any changes in TOUCH/ SKIN and if so why?

A

Changes in TOUCH and SKIN RECEPTORS is thought to take place gradually. There MAY BE SOME loss of receptors requiring more stimulation to elicit a response.

33
Q

What does Physiologic Reserve allows

A

It allows us to maintain HOMEOSTASIS ( bounce back) in the presence of

  • Environmental
  • Emotional
  • Physiological STRESS
34
Q

What happens to Physiologic Reserve as we INCREASE in age?

A

Physiologic Reserve DECREASES

35
Q

What is Physiologic Limit?

A

The limit BEYOND which homeostasis cannot be restored

36
Q

What is Homeostenosis?

A

When an INSULT/STRESS happens that pushes the elderly beyond their FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY/ Physiologic Limit causing :
Decompensation
Disease
or Death

37
Q

What is NORMATIVE Aging?

A

A SERIES of Time-dependent 1)Anatomic and 2)Physiologic CHANGES that:
Reduce:
1) Physiologic Reserve and
2) Functional Capacity

38
Q

What happens when there is a ⬇️ in Physiologic Reserve and ⬇️ in Functional Capacity?

A

There is a ⬆️ in risk of SOME disease , but NO Disease is normal with aging.

39
Q

Name 5 criteria of Frailty: and How many criteria must be present?

A

1- Unintentional Weight loss (10 lbs in past year)

2- Self-reported Exhaustion
3-Weakness ( grip strength)
4- Slow walking Speed
5- Low Physical activity

40
Q

Frailty is what kind of syndrome?

A

Clinical syndrome

41
Q

Frail older adults are at increase Risk for what 5 things

A 
1- ⬆️risk of Falls
2-Worsening mobility 
3-ADL ( activity of daily living) disability
4-Hospitalization 
5- Death
42
Q

Which PharmacoKinetic parameter is LEAST affected by AGE-Related PHYSIOLOGICAL changes?

  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • excretion
A

Absorption

43
Q

Which benzodiazepines are “preferred” among older adults?

A

LOT
lorazepam
Oxazepam
Temazepam

44
Q

5 Physiological changes relating to Absorption in GI with aging:

A 
1-⬆️ gastric PH (less acidic)
2-⬇️gastric acid secretion 
3-⬇️gastrointestinal BLOOD flow
4-⬇️gastrointestinal MOTILITY
5-⬇️gastric surface area
45
Q

Pharmacokinetic Consequences of Physiological changes with aging in Stomach?

A

Potential for DELAY in absorption ( RATE); But NO change in the EXTENT of absorption

46
Q

Which 3 classes of drugs might be needed less in Aging adults because of ⬆️ gastric PH?

A

PPI
H2 antagonist
Antacids

47
Q

Name an absorption problem with ⬆️ gastric PH:

A

You can see a decrease in absorption of Calcium carbonate, Iron and different vitamins and minerals; decrease absorption of calcium carbonate can cause CONSTIPATION

48
Q

How is absorption affected at IM injection site? Give examples of 2 drugs.

A

Because there is ⬇️muscle mass with aging , the rate of absorption may be ⬇️ with IM injections.

Benzathine penicillin and cefuroxime

49
Q

True or False: Most drugs are well absorbed in the presence of AGE-RELATED changes ONLY.

A

True

50
Q

Can the RATE of absorption be delayed for ALL drugs and ALL patients with AGE-RELATED changes?

A

The Rate of absorption can be changed for SOME drugs and SOME patients

51
Q

Is the EXTENT of absorption changed in age-related changes?

A

NOT significantly

52
Q

What 2 things together can ⬆️ the variability in drug absorption?

A

Age- related changes and concurrent diseases ( ex : skin condition)

53
Q

What is a debate about systemic absorption of topical steroids in age related changes in the skin?

A

Thinning skin can result in higher absorption, but there is a ⬇️in BLOOD flow to the area which can balance things out

54
Q

Name 4 areas of distribution that Aging can effect and tell whether ⬆️ or ⬇️

A

1-body water ⬇️
2-lean body mass⬇️ ( lean means muscle)
3-albumin ⬇️
4-fat stores ⬆️

55
Q

How does ⬇️body water effect Volume of distribution (Vd) of a drug? Which drugs are effected and give 2 examples?

A

⬇️ volume of distribution for HYDROPHILIC drugs

Ethanol, lithium

56
Q

How does ⬇️lean body mass effect Volume of distribution (Vd) of a drug? Which drugs are effected and give 1 example?

A

⬇️Vd for drugs that bind to Muscle; digoxin

57
Q

How does ⬇️albumin effect Volume of distribution (Vd) of a drug? Give 3 examples:

A

⬆️ the % of UNBound or FREE drug ( unbound or free drug is active)
1- valproic acid
2-phenytoin
3-warfarin

58
Q

How does ⬆️in Fat stores effect Volume of distribution (Vd) of a drug? Which drugs are effected and give 1 example?

A

⬆️Vd for LIPOPHILIC drugs

Diazepam

59
Q

Does alcohol have higher or lower concentration in older adults and why?

A

Alcohol have a higher concentration because it is a hydrophilic drug. Since less body H20 causes lower Vd.

60
Q

Distribution may be altered by AGE-RELATED Physiologic changes only?

A

No, distribution may be altered by both age-related Physiologic changes AND concurrent disease

61
Q

Does the protein albumin increase or decrease with age

A

The amount of Albumin decrease with age

GSTDY (8 decks)

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