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Biology > Biology module 1.1 > Flashcards

Biology module 1.1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Why does magnification only have its limits?

A

Because soon objects only become bigger and vaguer, if an object is less than the distance of half the wavelength of light apart it cannot be distinguished as separate

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1
Q

What microscope can organelles be seen with? Why?

A

Organelles can only be seen clearly with an electron microscope this is because electron microscopes have a greater magnifying power

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2
Q

What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and cyanobacteria

All other cells such as plant, fungi and animal

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3
Q

What four items make up the nucleus?

A

.

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4
Q

How are eukaryotic cell characterised?

A

They have membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A system of flattened cavities lined by a thin membrane

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6
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth and rough

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7
Q

What happens in SER

A

It is where lipids and steroids are made

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8
Q

Where would you find a lot Of SER?

A

In the liver cells as this is where lipids are metabolised

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9
Q

Why does the RER look rough and what does it do?

A

It is studded with ribosomes

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10
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

-Once the proteins in the RER pinched off at the end of the cavity
-surrounded by thin layer of membrane (vesicle)
-Once moved through the cytosol it will fuse with the membraneGolgi apparatus
-They are then modified for export from the cell (eg carbohydrate added on)
-vesicle fuses with the membrane and is released
-

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11
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Vesicle containing digestive enzymes

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12
Q

What is produced during respiration?

A

ATP

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13
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow structures with walls of tubulin protein

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14
Q

What do centrioles do and where are they found?

A

Involved in the formation of spindle fibres used in mitosis?

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15
Q

What is the membrane made out of?

A

Is made up with a sea of phospholipids with protein molecules floating in between the phospholipids

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16
Q

What do glycoproteins do?

A

They help in recognising cells and interaction with other cells
Hormones and foreign molecules

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17
Q

How are phospholipids arranged?

A

The phosphate heads are polar molecules and are water-soluble
lipid tails are non-polar so not water-soluble

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18
Q

What is attached to the outer surface of the membrane?

A

Glycoproteins

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19
Q

Name 4 functions of the membrane?

A

Keep the cell contents together
Allows communication with other cells
Allows mobility in some organisms
selectively permeable barrier

20
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion that uses Either a channel protein or a carrier protein

21
Q

What is pinosytosis?

A

When minute vesicles are formed for liquid material

22
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that are collectively together and perform one or more particular functions

23
Q

What does palisade mesophyll do?

A

Harnesses light energy required to photosynthesise

24
Q

Name some examples of tissues?

A

Squamous and ciliated epithelia

Xylem and Phloem

25
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A
  • The beam of light comes from the bulb under the stage
  • passes through a condenser lens
  • going through the specimen
26
Q

What are the four objective lens usually present in a microscope?

A

X4
X10
X40
X100

27
Q

What is the magnification and resolution of a light microscope?

A

X1500 Magnification

200nm Resolution

28
Q

What specimens can be seen with a light microscope?

A

Live organisms such as daphnia and euglena
Smears of blood and cheek cells
Smaller cuttings of larger plants and animals

29
Q

How does a transmission electron microscope work and what is its magnification?

A

-Electronbeam is directed onto a sample
-electron-beam passes through
-the denser parts of the sample are harder for the electrons to get through So contrast
X500000

30
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

Network Of protein of Fibres found within sales that gives structure and shape to the cell and also moves organelles around inside cells

31
Q

What provides movements in cells

A

Microtubules

32
Q

Where do microtubules get energy from

A

ATP

33
Q

What is cellulose

A

A carbohydrate polymer made up of glucose subunits

34
Q

Suggest 2 ways that cell division In plants differs from cell division in animals?

A

Cell division only occurs in the meristems

In plants a plate forms between new cells

35
Q

What colour does iodine solution stain starch and other structures?

A

Black

Yellow

36
Q

What are SEM’s used for?

A

Viewing the surfaces of samples, they produce an image of a 3 dimensional shape

37
Q

What do TEM’s show you?

A

Internal structure of thin section

38
Q

What is the wavelength and resolution of a light microscope?

A

400nm

200nm

39
Q

What is the wavelength and magnification of a EM

A
  1. 0nm

0. 5nm

40
Q

What is maximum magnification in LM
TEM
SEM

A

x1500
x250000
x100000

41
Q

What are example of cell signals?

A

Cytokines

42
Q

What are the two types if phloem cells?

A

Sieve tube elements

Companion cells

43
Q

How are companion cells and sieve tube elements linked?

A

Through many plasmodesmata

44
Q

Why do sieve tubes have a thin layer of cytoplasm?

A

Reduce resistance to the flow of sap

45
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Attraction of water molecules for one another

46
Q

What is adhesion

A

Attraction of water molecules for the xylem

47
Q

Where is the casparian strip found?

A

In specialised cell walls in the endodermis

48
Q

How does water move up the stem?

A

Root pressure
Transportation pull
Capillary action

Biology (4 decks)

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