Biology - Module 1 & 2

Question 1

What are Prokaryotic Cells?

Answer 1

A prokaryote is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Question 2

What are Eukaryotic Cells?

Answer 2

A Eukaryotic organism whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes.

Question 3

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 3

the process in which solutes are passed through the concentration plain in a solution across a semipermeable membrane.

Question 4

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 4

Facilitated diffusion is the process of passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane through specific membrane proteins.

Question 5

What is Osmosis?

Answer 5

Osmosis is the movement of water through a special membrane from an area where there’s more water to an area where there’s less water, helping balance the concentration of solutes on both sides.

Question 6

What is the difference between Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic cells?

Answer 6

Hypertonic: Cells that lack water, shrivelled cells.
Animal - Crenated
Plant - Cytoplasm shrinks from cell wall

Isotonic: Cells that are balanced, correct amount of nutrients.
Animal - Normal
Plant - Flaccid

Hypotonic: Cells with too much water, swelling or burst.
Animal - Lysed
Plant - Turgid

Question 7

What is Active Transport?

Answer 7

Active transport is when cells use energy to move molecules from a place where there are fewer of them to a place where there are more.

Question 8

What is Endocytosis?

Answer 8

Endocytosis is when a cell wraps its membrane around something outside and pulls it inside to form a small bubble.

Question 9

What is Exocytosis?

Answer 9

Exocytosis is when a cell pushes things out by packaging them in a bubble and then merging that bubble with the cell’s outer layer.

Question 10

Explain the Surface Area to Volume ratio.

Answer 10

The surface area to volume ratio indicates how well a cell can exchange materials. A higher ratio means better efficiency, relative to their volume.

A small cube cell: Side length of 1 unit.

Surface Area = 6 sides × (1 unit × 1 unit) = 6 square units.
Volume = 1 unit × 1 unit × 1 unit = 1 cubic unit.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio = 6 / 1 = 6.
A larger cube cell: Side length of 2 units.

Surface Area = 6 sides × (2 units × 2 units) = 24 square units.
Volume = 2 units × 2 units × 2 units = 8 cubic units.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio = 24 / 8 = 3.

Question 11

What are the inorganic nutrients that a cell requires?

Answer 11

Water

Gases (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide)

Mineral salts (chlorides, nitrates, phosphates of sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium etc.)

Question 12

What are the organic nutrients that a cell requires?

Answer 12

Lipids - fats

Proteins - amino acids

Carbohydrates - starch

Nucleic Acid - DNA

Question 13

What are Carbohydrates?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates are sugars and starches that provide energy.

e.g. Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose

Question 14

What are Proteins?

Answer 14

Proteins are building blocks for the body. They help repair tissues, make enzymes and hormones.

e.g. Amino acids

Question 15

What are Lipids? (3) provide example

Answer 15

1. Lipids make up cell membranes and provide energy storage.
2. They help maintain the structure of the cell membrane
3. and protect internal components.

e.g. Glycerol - Fatty acid

Question 16

What are Nucleic Acids?

Answer 16

Molecules that store and transfer genetic information.

e.g. DNA (genetic blueprint) RNA (protein synthesis)

Question 17

What is the function of the Cell Membrane?

Answer 17

Structure (phospholipid bilayer), functions (selective permeability, transport).

Question 18

Nucleus Structure?

Answer 18

Contains genetic material, controls cell activities.

Question 19

Mitochondria Structure?

Answer 19

Site of cellular respiration, energy production.

Question 20

What are Chloroplasts?

Answer 20

(In plants) Site of photosynthesis.

Question 21

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 21

Rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (lipid synthesis).

Question 22

What is inside the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 22

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

Question 23

Ribosomes?

Answer 23

Protein synthesis.

Question 24

What is the function of Lysosomes?

Answer 24

Digestion and waste removal.

Question 25

What is the purpose of the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 25

Provides structural support and shape.

Question 26

Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 26

Cell membrane as a fluid combination of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Question 27

What do Glycolysis do?

Answer 27

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.

Question 28

What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 28

Production of electron carriers.

Question 29

What does the Electron Transport Chain create?

Answer 29

Generates ATP.

Question 30

Light Reactions to ______ ______

Answer 30

Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

Question 31

Simply give a definition to the Calvin Cycle

Answer 31

Fixation of carbon dioxide into glucose.

Question 32

Mitosis:

Stages: P_______, M________, A_______, T_______.
Purpose: G_____, R____, S_____ R_________.

Answer 32

Mitosis:
Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Purpose: Growth, Repair, and Asexual Reproduction.

Question 33

Meiosis:

Stages: M_____ ? and ??.
Purpose: Production of g______ (s_____ and e___) for s_____ r_________, g______ variation.

Answer 33

Meiosis:

Stages: Meiosis I and II.

Purpose: Production of gametes (sperm and eggs) for sexual reproduction, genetic variation.

Question 34

Types of Specialised Cells?

Answer 34

Neurons, muscle cells, red blood cells, etc.

Question 35

What is Cell Differentiation?

Answer 35

Process by which cells become specialised for different functions.

Question 36

The term Microscopy?

Answer 36

how to prepare and observe samples, using light or electron microscopes

Question 37

How does Cell Staining work?

Answer 37

Enhances visualisation of cell structures.