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Biology > Biology Midterm > Flashcards

Biology Midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

What is energy?

A

the ability to cause change

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3
Q

How is matter typically organized in biology?

A

a pyramid

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4
Q

What are the first two blocks of the matter pyramid?

A

biosphere and eco-system

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5
Q

What are the 3rd and 4th blocks of the matter pyramid?

A

community and population

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6
Q

What are the 5th and 6th blocks of the matter pyramid?

A

organ system and organ

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7
Q

What are the 7th and 8th blocks of the matter pyramid

A

tissue and cells

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8
Q

What are the 9th and 10th blocks of the matter pyramid?

A

organelles and macromolocules

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9
Q

What are the building blocks of matter?

A

atoms

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10
Q

The ________ is the smallest_____________.

A

atom, unit of matter

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11
Q

What are the names of the three largest subatomic particles in the atom?

A

proton, nuetron, and electron

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12
Q

Where is the proton?

A

nucleus

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13
Q

Where is the nuetron?

A

nucleus

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14
Q

Where is the electron?

A

electron cloud

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15
Q

What charge does the proton have?

A

positive

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16
Q

What charge does the nuetron have?

A

neutral

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17
Q

What charge does the electron have?

A

negative

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18
Q

How can we define a covalent bond?

A

2 or more molecules bonded together

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19
Q

How can we define an ionic bond?

A

stealing electrons to create a charge

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20
Q

What are the types of ionic bonds?

A

cations (positive), anions (negative)

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21
Q

What does CHNOPS-Ca stand for?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur, and Calcium

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22
Q

What is CHNOPS-Ca significant?

A

It makes up 99% of the matter within an organism

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23
Q

Which 4 elements are most prominent in biology?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

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24
Q

Which subatomic particle acts as the “currency” for creating atomic bonds?

A

electrons

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25
Q

What do we call the outermost electrons of an atom?

A

reactants

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26
Q

Chemical Reaction Formula

A

reactants –> products

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27
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

molecules that lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction

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28
Q

What is chemical equilibrium?

A

state of a reaction when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

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29
Q

What is known as “the biological medium on Earth”?

A

water

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30
Q

How is water perfect for life?

A

-cohesion & adhesion
-temperature regulation
-expands when water is frozen
-universal solvent

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31
Q

Because we are 70% water, we can conclude that…

A

cells are 70% water

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32
Q

What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?

A

cohesion - H2O sticks to itself due to polarity
adhesion - H2O sticks to other charged molecules due to polarity

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33
Q

Why is water an excellent temperature moderator?

A

Because H2O is a polar molecule, it can stick to itself, resisting molecular motion (heat)

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34
Q

How is kinetic energy related to water molecules?

A

H2O is always moving

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35
Q

What is heat?

A

the energy of molecular motion

36
Q

What is temperature?

A

the measure if heat

37
Q

What is a solution?

A

a combination of 2 or more substances (liquid)

38
Q

What is a solven?

A

substance that breaks down/dissolves another substance

39
Q

What is a solute?

A

substance that gets dissolved by the solvent

40
Q

Why is water the solvent of life?

A

H2O is a polar molecule that pulls charged molecules apart

41
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

a large molecule made of many atoms

42
Q

Which element is found throughout EVERY macromolecule?

A

Carbon

43
Q

What are the four categories of macromolecules?

A

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

44
Q

What is a monomer?

A

a “building block” molecule that can be used to make polymers

45
Q

What is a polymer?

A

MAny monomers bonded together

46
Q

Which of the four macromolecules does not utilize polymers?

A

Lipids

47
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

a macromolecule that provided energy, structure, and communication

48
Q

How do carbohydrates utilize monomers and polymers?

A

They are using it as monosaccharides (sugar) and polysaccharides

49
Q

How are polysaccharides responsible for energy storage and structure in life?

A

Energy Storage:
-starch (plants)
-glycogen (animals)
Structure:
-cellulose (plants)
-chitin (animals)

50
Q

What does a lipid do?

A

a macromolecule used for energy, structure, and communication

51
Q

How are lipids unique?

A

Lipids are unique because they can be grouped together but not bonded together (don’t make polymers)

52
Q

What are the three different types of lipids and what are they used for?

A

Fatty Acids - energy
Phospholipids - structure for cell membrane
Steroids - communication

53
Q

What is a protein?

A

molecular machines that do the work of a cell and provide some energy

54
Q

How do proteins utilize monomers and polymers?

A

Monomers - Amino Acids (20 diff. types)
Polymers - Polypeptides

55
Q

How does the biological theme of structure and function emerge when studying proteins?

A

the way a protein is built/structured will determine its function

56
Q

What is a motor protein?

A

proteins that can ‘walk’ around the cell and carry molecules

57
Q

What is a nucleic acid used for?

A

A molecule that serves as DNA or RNA

58
Q

How does nucleic acid utilize monomers and polymers?

A

monomers - nucleotides
polymers - polynucleotides

59
Q

Who was Robert Hooke?

A

first discovered cells (wood cork)

60
Q

What year did Robert Hooke discover the cell?

A

1665

61
Q

Who was Antony van Leeuwenhoek?

A

first observed microscopic creatures. biology was a hobby, he was actually a seamster

62
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

1) All living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the fundamental units for the function and structures of living organisms
3) Cells are produced from already existing cells

63
Q

What are the two types of microscopes?

A

Compound Light Microscope and Electron Microscopes

64
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

the outer layer of the cell made out of phospholipids, proteins, steroids, and cabrohydrates

65
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

the outer layer of the cell made out of phospholipids, proteins, steroids, and carbohydrates

66
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialized structures with specific functions

67
Q

What are the two different types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

68
Q

What are the differences between the two different types of cells?

A

prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic - true membrane bound organelles

69
Q

What cells have a cell wall? What cells have a plasma mebrane?

A

cell wall - plants
plasma membrane - all cells

70
Q

What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?

A

1) protect the cell
2) structure of the cell
3) let things enter and exit the cell

71
Q

What does it mean that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable?

A

it lets only certain things in and out of the cell

72
Q

Why is the cell membrane called a fluid mosaic?

A

every component that makes up the membrane is constantly moving

73
Q

What does structure mean?

A

the shape of something defines its function. change the shape, change the function

74
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

A

the basic unit of the plasma membrane and serves as a barrier between the different organelles of a cell

75
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It’s semi-fluid and it keeps the organelles in place

76
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

It provides structure and pathways for transportation and placement

77
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Contains DNA, has a nuclear envelope, and nuclear pores

78
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

Makes proteins also transfers RNA-molecules

79
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

rough - ribosomes on cover, makes proteins
smooth - no ribosomes on cover. produces enzymes

80
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

kind of like the post office
prepares proteins and lipids for their destinations

81
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

tiny sacs that transport materials

82
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Typically, in plant cells
maintains water balance
Stores water

83
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

the trash cans
take out the bad cells

84
Q

What are centrioles?

A

forms spindles

85
Q

What is a mitochonrium?

A

powerhouse of cells
where cellular respiration takes place

Biology (2 decks)

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