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Bio I Lab > Biology Midterm > Flashcards

Biology Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many meters in 1 meter?

A

1 meter

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2
Q

How many meters in a centimeter?

A

10^-2

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3
Q

How many meters in a millimeter

A

10^-3

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4
Q

How many meters in a micrometer?

A

10^-6

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5
Q

How many meters in a nanometer?

A

10^-9

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6
Q

What do you use to measure liquid volume?

A

a graduated cylinder

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7
Q

If a 50mL graduated cylinder has 20mL in it, how would you read it?

A

look at the meniscus (dip) at the 20mL mark and make your eyes parallel to it

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8
Q

How would you calculate the volume of a solid object using a graduated cylinder?

A

inital mL in graduated cylinder minus the elevated mL of liquid+solid together

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9
Q

What kinds of lenses do compound light microscopes have?

A

ocular lens and objective lens at the same time

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10
Q

What does the compound light microscope help you see?

A

2D image of a thinly-sliced specimen

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11
Q

What is the magnification range of a compound light microscope?

A

40x to 1000x

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12
Q

Is the compound light microscope parfocal or parcentric?

A

it is both

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13
Q

What is parfocal?

A

once the object is focused on lower power, it is also focused on high power

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14
Q

What is paracentric?

A

object in focus remains in the center while changing objectives (magnification)

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15
Q

What is the ocular lens used for?

A
  • where you place your eyes to observe the specimen
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16
Q

What is the magnification for the ocular lens?

A

10x

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17
Q

What is the nosepiece used for?

A

turning nosepiece moves objective lens into place over specimen being viewed

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18
Q

Where is the nosepiece located?

A

the rotating disk at the base of the body of the tube where different objective lenses are attached

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19
Q

Where are the objective lenses located?

A

mounted on the nosepiece

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20
Q

What are the objective lenses used for?

A

magnification of the viewed image

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21
Q

The longer the objective lens the higher the….

A

the longer the objective lens the higher the magnifying power

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22
Q

What is the working distance in the context of a microscope?

A

distance between the objective lens and the surface of slide

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23
Q

Why is oil used for in making a slide?

A

to eliminate air between lens and slide

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24
Q

Where is the stage located?

A

under the objective lens

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the stage?

A

to support the microscope slide

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26
Q

What is an aperture?

A

hole through which light passes

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27
Q

What is a mechanical stage?

A

stage that is able to be maneuvered manually for more accuracy

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28
Q

How many controls does the mechanical stage have?

A

2

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29
Q

Where is the condenser located?

A

small lens under the stage that directs the light through the speciman

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30
Q

What kind of knob does the condenser have?

A

condenser adjustment knob that moves condenser vertically

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31
Q

Where is the iris diaphragm located?

A

series of flat metal plates at the base of the condenser that slide together and create a hole in the condenser

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32
Q

What is the purpose of the iris diaphragm?

A

regulate the amount of light passing through the condenser

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33
Q

What does the iris diaphragm have?

A

diaphragm lever that is used to open or close diaphragm to adjust light

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34
Q

What is the first step in using the microscope?

A

SLOWLY move course adjustment (CA) knob downward until you come into focus

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35
Q

What is the second step in using the microscope?

A

Once you are in focus on 4X or 10X, YOU ARE AUTOMATICALLY IN FOCUS ON ALL OTHER POWERS! (This feature is called parfocalization)

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36
Q

What is the third step in using the microscope?

A

DO NOT touch CA knob anymore! If you do, you will lose your focus, and have to repeat the steps and run the risk of hitting the objective lens hitting your slide

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37
Q

What is the fourth step in using the microscope?

A

Using rotating nosepiece, simply dial-in any higher power objective you wish. High-power objectives will move closer to slide; objective will not hit the slide if you are in focus

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38
Q

What is the fifth step in using the microscope?

A

If you need to re-focus, use ONLY Fine Adjustment Knob

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39
Q

What is the first step of making a wet mount?

A

Place specimen on a slide and then add a drop of water or stain

40
Q

What is the second step of making a wet mount?

A

Place a cover slip at an angle so that it touches drop of water

41
Q

What is the third step of making a wet mount?

A

Slowly lower raised end of cover slip

42
Q

What reagent tests for proteins?

A

biuret reagent

43
Q

What color does the biuret reagent become?

A

from initial blue to light pink or violet

44
Q

What is the immediate energy source for living organisms?

A

carbohydrates

45
Q

What is the building block of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

46
Q

What is 2 monosaccharides linked together?

A

disaccharide

47
Q

What is more than 2 monosaccharides linked together?

A

polysaccharide

48
Q

What are the energy storage polysaccharides?

A

starch and glycogen

49
Q

What reagent tests for starch?

A

Iodine potassium iodide

50
Q

What color does iodine potassium iodide reagent become?

A

tea color to blueish black color

51
Q

What reagent tests for simple sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution (5 drops needed) and heating

52
Q

What colors does benedict’s solution become?

A

yellow to green to orange to red

53
Q

What reagent tests for lipids?

A

sudan red IV

54
Q

What color is sudan red IV?

A

red or orange

55
Q

What indicates the presence of a lipid?

A

two layers, red on top and white on bottom

56
Q

What are all cells surrounded by?

A

plasma membrane

57
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

semifluid medium inside cell

58
Q

What do chromosomes do?

A

carry genes

59
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

make proteins

60
Q

What do prokaryotes have the eukaryotes don’t?

A

single circle of DNA

61
Q

What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don’t?

A

cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, ER, mitochondria, microtubules, centrioles, Golgi complex, nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuoles

62
Q

At the start of the diffusion lab, what was inside the dialysis tubing and on the outside?

A

clear glucose and starch solution on the inside of the bag and water + iodine potassium iodide reagent (amber color)

63
Q

At the end of the diffusion lab, what was inside the dialysis tubing and on the outside?

A

inside the tubing was black specs at the bottom with a blue/black color and outside the tube the color became less yellow (positive for glucose)

64
Q

Why did the starch stay in the dialysis tubing but iodine moved in?

A

Iodine diffused into bag because solution inside bag turned dark blue.Iodine is a smaller molecule than starch, therefore, iodine is more likely to pass through the semipermeable membrane

65
Q

Why did the glucose go outside the dialysis tubing?

A

Glucose will be present in the beaker and in bag. It diffuses from a higher concentration to a lower concentration in the beaker and it is a small molecule that can cross the membrane

66
Q

What happens to a cell in hypertonic solutions?

A

the cell shrinks

67
Q

What happens to a cell in hypotonic solutions?

A

the cell bursts

68
Q

What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?

A

no change in cell volume

69
Q

What solution is used to keep animal blood cells stable?

A

NaCl aka saline solution

70
Q

What percentage does NaCl have to be in order for it to be isotonic with red blood cells?

A

0.9%

71
Q

What percentage does NaCl have to be in order for it to be hypertonic with red blood cells?

A

greater than than 0.9%

72
Q

What is crenation?

A

when red blood cells shrink and shrivel up

73
Q

What percentage does NaCl have to be in order for it to be hypotonic with red blood cells?

A

less than 0.9

74
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

when red blood cells swell and burst

75
Q

What is the tonicity of plant cell water?

A

hypotonic

76
Q

When placed in a hypotonic solution, what happens to the plant cell?

A

central vacuole gains water and exerts turgor pressure, the cytoplasm including chloroplasts are pushed up against the cell wall

77
Q

What solution of NaCl does a plant cell need to be hypertonic?

A

10%

78
Q

If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what happens?

A

central vacuole loses water, Cytoplasm including chloroplasts, pulls away from cell wall

79
Q

What does the effectiveness of antiacids do?

A

Test the ability of OTC (over the counter) products to absorb excess H+

80
Q

In the enzyme lab, what is enzyme is involved in the degradation of hydrogen peroxide?

A

catalase

81
Q

What does catalase break down?

A

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

82
Q

What is released from the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide?

A

water and oxygen

83
Q

In the tube with the catalase and hydrogen peroxide, why did the reaction work?

A

Substrate and enzyme are both present

84
Q

In the tube with the water and hydrogen peroxide, why didn’t the reaction work?

A

enzyme not present

85
Q

In the tube with catalase and sucrose solution, why didn’t the reaction work?

A

correct substrate not present

86
Q

How do you increase the number of enzyme-substrate formations?

A

increase amount of enzyme per amount of substrate

87
Q

Once all the substrate is bound to the active site, what happens?

A

reaction will no longer accelerate with increasing enzyme concentration

88
Q

When does the enzyme activity increase in relation to substrate concentration?

A

when substrate concentration increases

89
Q

When is the max rate achieved with enzymes?

A

when all active sites of an enzyme are filled with substrate•Increased substrate concentration after this point will not increase rate of reaction

90
Q

What is it called when all enzymes have been occupied with a substrate?

A

the enzyme is saturated

91
Q

When does enzyme activity increase in relation to temperature?

A

when temperature increases because higher temperatures cause more effective collisions between enzymes and substrates

92
Q

What happens to enzymes when the temperature increase beyond a certain point?

A

enzyme activity levels out•Loss of enzyme structure and function occurs = denaturation•Loses 3D shape (tertiary structure)

93
Q

How can pH affect enzyme structure?

A

Extremes of pH can denature an enzyme by altering its structure and thus its function because Affects hydrogen bonding and enzyme changes shape, leading to reduced enzyme activity•Disrupts 3D shape = denaturation

94
Q

What do BOTH eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?

A

plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm

95
Q

What the formula/equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide?

A

catalase
2 H O ———> 2 H O + O
2 2 2 2

Bio I Lab (2 decks)

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