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Bio I Lab > Biology Final > Flashcards

Biology Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three steps of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

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4
Q

Where does the electron transport chain happen?

A

in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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5
Q

What is ethanol fermentation also known as?

A

anaerobic respiration

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6
Q

Where does ethanol fermentation anaerobic fermentation happen?

A

in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

In yeast, what is pyruvate reduced to?

A

ethyl alcohol

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8
Q

What process and waste product do you need to make ethanol fermentation?

A

fermentation and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What can you create via anaerobic respiration?

A

ethanol and lactate

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10
Q

What does photosynthesis convert solar energy into?

A

the chemical energy of carbohydrates

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11
Q

What diffuses into the cells and enters the chloroplast organelles?

A

carbon dioxide and water

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12
Q

Where are the photosynthetic pigments located?

A

thylakoid membrane

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13
Q

What happens during light reactions?

A

pigments on the thylakoid membrane absorb solar energy while water is split to release oxygen

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14
Q

When water is split, what is released?

A

oxygen

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15
Q

What colors does chlorophyll absorb?

A

violet to blue and orange to red

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16
Q

What color does chlorophyll reflect?

A

green

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17
Q

In what types of cells does mitosis occur in?

A

somatic cells

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18
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

body cells that undergo cell division continuously to replace dead and damaged cells

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19
Q

What are some examples of somatic cells?

A

fat cells, skin cells, blood cells, and cells that are not sex cells

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20
Q

In what types of cells does meiosis occur in?

A

sex cells (gametes)

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21
Q

What is meiosis?

A

process by which sex cells (gametes) are produced in

organisms that require sexual reproduction

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22
Q

What are the male gonads and what do they produce?

A

male gonads are testes and they produce sperm

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23
Q

What are the female gonads and what do they produce?

A

female gonads are ovaries and they produce oocytes

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24
Q

What is the product of mitosis?

A

duplicates and divides 2 cells equally

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25
What are the phases of mitosis?
Interphase and mitotic stage
26
What phases makeup interphase?
G1, S, G2
27
What phases make up the mitotic stage?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
28
What is G1?
stage before DNA synthesis
29
What is S?
DNA synthesis
30
What is the G2?
stage after DNA synthesis
31
What is mitosis?
division of the nucleus
32
What is cytokinesis?
division of the cytoplasm
33
What happens to DNA in the S phase?
After DNA replication, each chromosome has gone from 1 DNA molecule to 2 DNA molecules, called sister chromatids
34
What are sister chromatids?
replicated DNA molecules (2)
35
What are sister chromatids held together by?
centromere
36
What happens in interphase?
chromosomes have already replicated during interphase
37
What happens in prophase?
sister chromatids condense and spindle starts to form, nuclear membrane starts to dissolve into vesicles
38
What happens in metaphase?
sister chromatids line along the metaphase plate
39
What happens in anaphase?
sister chromatids separate and individual chromosomes move towards poles as kinetochore microtubules shorten. Polar microtubules lengthen and push poles apart
40
What happens in telophase and cytokinesis?
chromosomes decondensed and nuclear membrane re-forms. Cleavage furrow separates the 2 cells
41
What don't plants have that animal cells do?
centrioles and asters
42
What do plants have that animals have too?
centrosomes
43
What forms in plants cells in cytokinesis?
cell plate
44
What happens to the chromosome number in meiosis?
Nuclear division in which the chromosome number is reduced by half
45
What are the products of meiosis?
4 haploid (1n) daughter cells
46
What happens in meiosis I?
Homologues line up side by side in a process called synapsis during prophase I • Crossing over occurs: the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologues
47
What is synapsis?
fusion/lining up of homologous chromosome pairs
48
What is crossing over?
exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologues
49
What is phenotype?
Individual’s physical appearance
50
What is genotype?
Genetic makeup
51
What are responsible for the given traits?
alleles
52
What represents a dominant allele?
capital letter
53
What represents a recessive allele?
lowercase letter
54
What does it mean to be homozygous?
Individuals with 2 identical alleles
55
What does it mean to be heterozygous?
Individual with 2 different alleles
56
What is involved in a one-trait cross?
single pair of alleles
57
What does the Law of Segregation state?
Alleles of each parent segregate during meiosis and end up in different gametes
58
Each gamete gets how many alleles?
1 of 2
59
What does the segregation of alleles correspond to?
distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis
60
What is a punnet square determining?
Determines result of a cross between individuals whose genotypes are known
61
What does a punnet square show?
Shows probability of what might occur | • Predict genotypes of offspring
62
What is the phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross?
1:3
63
What is the genotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross?
1:2:1
64
What does a two-trait cross include?
2 pairs of allelles aka 2 dihybrids mating
65
What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?
9:3:3:1
66
What does a dihybrid cross determine?
whether 2 traits are transmitted to | offspring as a package or independently
67
What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
Each pair of alleles segregate independently of any | other pair of alleles during gamete formation
68
To determine the types of alleles in gametes, what do you use?
FOIL
69
What does a polymer of nucleotides include?
2 long chains of nucleotides wound together in a double helix
70
What bonds join the 2 chains of nucleotides together?
hydrogen bonds
71
What does adenine bind to?
thiamine
72
What does guanine bind to?
cytosine
73
What forms the backbone of DNA?
phosphate and sugar rings (in DNA its deoxyribose)
74
What is each nucleotide composed of?
Phosphate group • Sugar molecule (deoxyribose) • 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases
75
What does a sequence of DNA determine?
determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein
76
What does the amino acid sequence determine?
determines the structure and function of a protein
77
What does a protein do?
influences the characteristics or traits of an organism
78
Why are the solutions of the DNA sample and the reagent kept cold and what bonds does it stabilize?
to prevent the DNA from breaking and preserve the stabilizing hydrogen bonds
79
What are the 3 steps for DNA extraction?
lysis, precipitation, purification
80
What happens in lysis?
Lysis buffer and heat disrupt cell membrane phospholipids releasing membrane proteins and freeing DNA into solution
81
What happens in precipitation?
Separate DNA from protein and other cell components using papain (protease) • Digests histones (proteins that DNA wraps around) • Salt in papain neutralizes negative charges on phosphate group, making molecule less hydrophilic and less soluble in water • Salt binds to DNA allowing us to see it • Heat denatures cell’s enzymes to protect DNA from enzymatic degradation
82
What protein is used for the separation of DNA and other cell components?
papain (protease)
83
What happens in purification?
Isolate concentrated DNA using cold ethanol SLOWLY and no mixing • Reduces temperature and causes DNA to precipitate (solidifies) while preserving H- bonds • DNA is polar but ethanol has a large nonpolar component, making DNA less soluble in ethanol
84
What do you add to the DNA that you extracted?
diphenylamine
85
After putting diphenylamine into the test tube, where does it go?
UV spectrometer at 595 nm
86
What number do you get from the UV spectrometer?
absorbance level that is used to estimate the concentration of DNA in the sample
87
What does diphenylamine do?
``` Acidic conditions convert deoxypentose (from purine nucleotides) to β hydroxyl leavulinic aldehyde • Diphenylamine reacts with β hydroxyl leavulinic aldehyde to form a blue colored solution ```
88
What is the amount of UV radiation and intensity of the blue color absorbed directly proportional to?
concentration of DNA in the sample
89
How do you test for pigments?
using chromatography
90
What does chromatography separate on the basis of what?
Separates molecules from each other on basis of their solubility in particular solvents
91
Are the solvents in the chromatography polar or nonpolar and what happens to the pigments and solvents on the paper?
Solvents are nonpolar; as a nonpolar solvent moves up chromatography paper, pigment moves along with it
92
The more ___ a pigment is, the more soluble it is in a ___ solvent so it moves up ___ on the paper.
The more nonpolar a pigment is, the more soluble it is in a nonpolar solvent so it moves faster on the paper.

Bio I Lab (2 decks)

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