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Bio I Lab > Biology Final > Flashcards

Biology Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three steps of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

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4
Q

Where does the electron transport chain happen?

A

in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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5
Q

What is ethanol fermentation also known as?

A

anaerobic respiration

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6
Q

Where does ethanol fermentation anaerobic fermentation happen?

A

in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

In yeast, what is pyruvate reduced to?

A

ethyl alcohol

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8
Q

What process and waste product do you need to make ethanol fermentation?

A

fermentation and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What can you create via anaerobic respiration?

A

ethanol and lactate

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10
Q

What does photosynthesis convert solar energy into?

A

the chemical energy of carbohydrates

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11
Q

What diffuses into the cells and enters the chloroplast organelles?

A

carbon dioxide and water

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12
Q

Where are the photosynthetic pigments located?

A

thylakoid membrane

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13
Q

What happens during light reactions?

A

pigments on the thylakoid membrane absorb solar energy while water is split to release oxygen

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14
Q

When water is split, what is released?

A

oxygen

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15
Q

What colors does chlorophyll absorb?

A

violet to blue and orange to red

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16
Q

What color does chlorophyll reflect?

A

green

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17
Q

In what types of cells does mitosis occur in?

A

somatic cells

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18
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

body cells that undergo cell division continuously to replace dead and damaged cells

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19
Q

What are some examples of somatic cells?

A

fat cells, skin cells, blood cells, and cells that are not sex cells

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20
Q

In what types of cells does meiosis occur in?

A

sex cells (gametes)

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21
Q

What is meiosis?

A

process by which sex cells (gametes) are produced in

organisms that require sexual reproduction

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22
Q

What are the male gonads and what do they produce?

A

male gonads are testes and they produce sperm

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23
Q

What are the female gonads and what do they produce?

A

female gonads are ovaries and they produce oocytes

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24
Q

What is the product of mitosis?

A

duplicates and divides 2 cells equally

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25
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Interphase and mitotic stage

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26
Q

What phases makeup interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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27
Q

What phases make up the mitotic stage?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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28
Q

What is G1?

A

stage before DNA synthesis

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29
Q

What is S?

A

DNA synthesis

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30
Q

What is the G2?

A

stage after DNA synthesis

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31
Q

What is mitosis?

A

division of the nucleus

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32
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm

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33
Q

What happens to DNA in the S phase?

A

After DNA replication, each chromosome has gone
from 1 DNA molecule to 2 DNA molecules, called sister
chromatids

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34
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

replicated DNA molecules (2)

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35
Q

What are sister chromatids held together by?

A

centromere

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36
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

chromosomes have already replicated during interphase

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37
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

sister chromatids condense and spindle starts to form, nuclear membrane starts to dissolve into vesicles

38
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

sister chromatids line along the metaphase plate

39
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

sister chromatids separate and individual chromosomes move towards poles as kinetochore microtubules shorten. Polar microtubules lengthen and push poles apart

40
Q

What happens in telophase and cytokinesis?

A

chromosomes decondensed and nuclear membrane re-forms. Cleavage furrow separates the 2 cells

41
Q

What don’t plants have that animal cells do?

A

centrioles and asters

42
Q

What do plants have that animals have too?

A

centrosomes

43
Q

What forms in plants cells in cytokinesis?

A

cell plate

44
Q

What happens to the chromosome number in meiosis?

A

Nuclear division in which the chromosome number is reduced by half

45
Q

What are the products of meiosis?

A

4 haploid (1n) daughter cells

46
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

Homologues line up side by side in a process
called synapsis during prophase I
• Crossing over occurs: the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologues

47
Q

What is synapsis?

A

fusion/lining up of homologous chromosome pairs

48
Q

What is crossing over?

A

exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologues

49
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Individual’s physical appearance

50
Q

What is genotype?

A

Genetic makeup

51
Q

What are responsible for the given traits?

A

alleles

52
Q

What represents a dominant allele?

A

capital letter

53
Q

What represents a recessive allele?

A

lowercase letter

54
Q

What does it mean to be homozygous?

A

Individuals with 2 identical alleles

55
Q

What does it mean to be heterozygous?

A

Individual with 2 different alleles

56
Q

What is involved in a one-trait cross?

A

single pair of alleles

57
Q

What does the Law of Segregation state?

A

Alleles of each parent segregate during meiosis and end up in different gametes

58
Q

Each gamete gets how many alleles?

A

1 of 2

59
Q

What does the segregation of alleles correspond to?

A

distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis

60
Q

What is a punnet square determining?

A

Determines result of a cross between individuals whose genotypes are known

61
Q

What does a punnet square show?

A

Shows probability of what might occur

• Predict genotypes of offspring

62
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross?

A

1:3

63
Q

What is the genotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross?

A

1:2:1

64
Q

What does a two-trait cross include?

A

2 pairs of allelles aka 2 dihybrids mating

65
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1

66
Q

What does a dihybrid cross determine?

A

whether 2 traits are transmitted to

offspring as a package or independently

67
Q

What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?

A

Each pair of alleles segregate independently of any

other pair of alleles during gamete formation

68
Q

To determine the types of alleles in gametes, what do you use?

A

FOIL

69
Q

What does a polymer of nucleotides include?

A

2 long chains of nucleotides wound together in a double helix

70
Q

What bonds join the 2 chains of nucleotides together?

A

hydrogen bonds

71
Q

What does adenine bind to?

A

thiamine

72
Q

What does guanine bind to?

A

cytosine

73
Q

What forms the backbone of DNA?

A

phosphate and sugar rings (in DNA its deoxyribose)

74
Q

What is each nucleotide composed of?

A

Phosphate group
• Sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
• 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases

75
Q

What does a sequence of DNA determine?

A

determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein

76
Q

What does the amino acid sequence determine?

A

determines the structure and function of a protein

77
Q

What does a protein do?

A

influences the characteristics or traits of an organism

78
Q

Why are the solutions of the DNA sample and the reagent kept cold and what bonds does it stabilize?

A

to prevent the DNA from breaking and preserve the stabilizing hydrogen bonds

79
Q

What are the 3 steps for DNA extraction?

A

lysis, precipitation, purification

80
Q

What happens in lysis?

A

Lysis buffer and heat disrupt cell membrane phospholipids releasing membrane proteins
and freeing DNA into solution

81
Q

What happens in precipitation?

A

Separate DNA from protein and other cell components using papain (protease)
• Digests histones (proteins that DNA wraps around)
• Salt in papain neutralizes negative charges on phosphate group, making molecule less
hydrophilic and less soluble in water
• Salt binds to DNA allowing us to see it
• Heat denatures cell’s enzymes to protect DNA from enzymatic degradation

82
Q

What protein is used for the separation of DNA and other cell components?

A

papain (protease)

83
Q

What happens in purification?

A

Isolate concentrated DNA using cold ethanol SLOWLY and no mixing
• Reduces temperature and causes DNA to precipitate (solidifies) while preserving H-
bonds
• DNA is polar but ethanol has a large nonpolar component, making DNA less soluble in ethanol

84
Q

What do you add to the DNA that you extracted?

A

diphenylamine

85
Q

After putting diphenylamine into the test tube, where does it go?

A

UV spectrometer at 595 nm

86
Q

What number do you get from the UV spectrometer?

A

absorbance level that is used to estimate the concentration of DNA in the sample

87
Q

What does diphenylamine do?

A 
Acidic conditions convert deoxypentose 
(from purine nucleotides) to β hydroxyl 
leavulinic aldehyde
• Diphenylamine reacts with β hydroxyl 
leavulinic aldehyde to form a blue  colored solution
88
Q

What is the amount of UV radiation and intensity of the blue color absorbed directly proportional to?

A

concentration of DNA in the sample

89
Q

How do you test for pigments?

A

using chromatography

90
Q

What does chromatography separate on the basis of what?

A

Separates molecules from each other on basis of their solubility in particular solvents

91
Q

Are the solvents in the chromatography polar or nonpolar and what happens to the pigments and solvents on the paper?

A

Solvents are nonpolar; as a nonpolar solvent moves up chromatography paper, pigment moves along with it

92
Q

The more ___ a pigment is, the more soluble it is in a ___ solvent so it moves up ___ on the paper.

A

The more nonpolar a pigment is, the more soluble it is in a nonpolar solvent so it moves faster on the paper.

Bio I Lab (2 decks)

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