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Biology 101 > Biology Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Biology Midterm 1 Flashcards

Key Vocabulary for 1st Midterm Exam.

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Prediction
  5. Experiment
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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A proposed explanation for a set of observations.

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3
Q

Independent Variable

A

A factor that changes independent of others.

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that acts in response to the change in another variable.

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5
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule.

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6
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion.

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7
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atom.

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8
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

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9
Q

Polar

A

Unequal distribution of charge.

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10
Q

Non-Polar

A

Equal distribution of charge.

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11
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that breaks the bonds between two molecules by the addition of water. Breaks down polymers into monomers for digestion.

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12
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. Used for building polymers.

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13
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Class of molecules consisting of mono, di, and polysaccharides.

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14
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest carbohydrate. A simple sugar that is usually some multiple of CH2O

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15
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharides linked together by a dehydration reaction.

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16
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration reactions.

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17
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

A chemical group consisting of an oxygen bonded to a hydrogen. (OH)

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18
Q

Isomer

A

Organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

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19
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar, C6H12O6, that is an important energy source in living organisms. MONOMER

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20
Q

Fructose

A

An isomer of glucose that tastes sweeter and is often found in fruits.

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21
Q

Sucrose

A

The most common disaccharide. Made from linking a glucose monomer with a fructose monomer.

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22
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants composed of monomers of glucose.

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23
Q

Glycogen

A

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle cells of animals. The animal equivalen of starch.

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24
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls that is composed of monomers of glucose. Cellulose molecules are linked into cable-like fibrils.

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25
Q

Lipid

A

An organic compound composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds. Fats, phospholipids, steroids; hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

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26
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating.

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27
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving.

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28
Q

Fat

A

A lipid composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. (triglyceride).

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29
Q

Triglyceride

A

Blood lipid; fat.

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30
Q

Saturated Fat

A

A fatty acid in which all of the carbons on the carbon skeleton are connected by single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogens are attached. Solid at room temperature.

31
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

Kinked fatt acids that have one or more double bonds between the carbons and lack the max number of hydrogens on the carbon skeleton. Not solid at room temperature.

32
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Molecule with a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.

33
Q

Glycerol

A

An alcohol with three carbons each bearing a hydroxyl group.

34
Q

Trans Fat

A

An unsaturated fat that is formed artificially from the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Linked to health risks.

35
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid composed of a phosphate group linked with a glycerol that has two fatty acids attached. Has two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head. Used to form bilayers used in biological membranes.

36
Q

Steroids

A

A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is composed of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.

37
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid that is an important component of animal cell membranes and is a precursor molecule in the synthesis of other steroids.

38
Q

Amino Acid

A

An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group. The building blocks of proteins.

39
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

A chemical group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and attached to a hydroxyl group.

40
Q

Amino Group

A

A chemical group composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

41
Q

R Group

A

An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule.

42
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide; formed by a dehydration reaction.

43
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

44
Q

Protein

A

A functional biological molecule composed of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific 3D structure.

45
Q

Globular Protein

A

Proteins formed by compacted amino acid chains, usually soluble in water, and enzymes are made of globular proteins.

46
Q

Fibrous Protein

A

Insoluble proteins only found in animals that are commonly used for structural support.

47
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that serves as a biological catalyst that is not consumed in a reaction.

48
Q

Denaturation

A

A process that involves the unraveling of a protein and its structure, which also affects its function. Can be caused by changes in pH, temperature, or salt concentration.

49
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

A disease passed down through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal sickle or crescent shape.

50
Q

Hemoglobin

A

An iron containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds O2.

51
Q

Primary Structure

A

Linear sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide.

52
Q

Secondary Structure

A

The regular local patterns of coils and folds in a polypeptide chain.

53
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

The overall 3D structure of a protein caused by the interactions of the R-Groups of the amino acids.

54
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide chains.

55
Q

Nucleus

A

The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell.

56
Q

Ribosomes

A

A cell organelle that consists of mRNA and proteins and are responsible for protein synthesis in cell.

57
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and is involved in many metabolic processes. Important in producing lipids and storing calcium.

58
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached and makes more membrane

59
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs and ATP is made.

60
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that consists of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

61
Q

Lysosomes

A

A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged organelles.

62
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibrous proteins in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

63
Q

Diffusion

A

The spontaneous movement of molecules down their concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

64
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

The passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient.

65
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane and against its concentration gradient requiring the use of transport proteins and ATP.

66
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cellular uptake of molecules via the formation of new vesicles form the plasma membrane.

67
Q

Exocytosis

A

The removal of materials out of the cytoplasm of the cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.

68
Q

Membrane

A

A pliable sheetlike structure acting as a boundary, lining, or partition in an organism.

69
Q

Ecstasy

A

Phenethylamine and amphetamine (MDMA). Functions as an anti-diuretic and causes fluid retention.

70
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

71
Q

Lysis

A

The disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.

72
Q

Aquaporin

A

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of some plant and animal cells that facilitates osmosis.

73
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Abnormally low level of sodium in the blood; associated with dehydration.

Biology 101 (2 decks)

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