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Biology 101 > Biology Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Biology Midterm 1 Flashcards

Key Vocabulary for 1st Midterm Exam. (73 cards)

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Prediction
  5. Experiment
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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A proposed explanation for a set of observations.

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3
Q

Independent Variable

A

A factor that changes independent of others.

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that acts in response to the change in another variable.

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5
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule.

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6
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion.

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7
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atom.

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8
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

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9
Q

Polar

A

Unequal distribution of charge.

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10
Q

Non-Polar

A

Equal distribution of charge.

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11
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that breaks the bonds between two molecules by the addition of water. Breaks down polymers into monomers for digestion.

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12
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. Used for building polymers.

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13
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Class of molecules consisting of mono, di, and polysaccharides.

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14
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest carbohydrate. A simple sugar that is usually some multiple of CH2O

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15
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharides linked together by a dehydration reaction.

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16
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration reactions.

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17
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

A chemical group consisting of an oxygen bonded to a hydrogen. (OH)

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18
Q

Isomer

A

Organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

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19
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar, C6H12O6, that is an important energy source in living organisms. MONOMER

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20
Q

Fructose

A

An isomer of glucose that tastes sweeter and is often found in fruits.

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21
Q

Sucrose

A

The most common disaccharide. Made from linking a glucose monomer with a fructose monomer.

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22
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants composed of monomers of glucose.

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23
Q

Glycogen

A

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle cells of animals. The animal equivalen of starch.

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24
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls that is composed of monomers of glucose. Cellulose molecules are linked into cable-like fibrils.

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25
Lipid
An organic compound composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds. Fats, phospholipids, steroids; hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
26
Hydrophobic
Water hating.
27
Hydrophilic
Water loving.
28
Fat
A lipid composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. (triglyceride).
29
Triglyceride
Blood lipid; fat.
30
Saturated Fat
A fatty acid in which all of the carbons on the carbon skeleton are connected by single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogens are attached. Solid at room temperature.
31
Unsaturated Fat
Kinked fatt acids that have one or more double bonds between the carbons and lack the max number of hydrogens on the carbon skeleton. Not solid at room temperature.
32
Fatty Acid
Molecule with a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.
33
Glycerol
An alcohol with three carbons each bearing a hydroxyl group.
34
Trans Fat
An unsaturated fat that is formed artificially from the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Linked to health risks.
35
Phospholipid
A lipid composed of a phosphate group linked with a glycerol that has two fatty acids attached. Has two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head. Used to form bilayers used in biological membranes.
36
Steroids
A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is composed of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.
37
Cholesterol
A steroid that is an important component of animal cell membranes and is a precursor molecule in the synthesis of other steroids.
38
Amino Acid
An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group. The building blocks of proteins.
39
Carboxyl Group
A chemical group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and attached to a hydroxyl group.
40
Amino Group
A chemical group composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
41
R Group
An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule.
42
Peptide Bond
The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide; formed by a dehydration reaction.
43
Polypeptide
A polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
44
Protein
A functional biological molecule composed of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific 3D structure.
45
Globular Protein
Proteins formed by compacted amino acid chains, usually soluble in water, and enzymes are made of globular proteins.
46
Fibrous Protein
Insoluble proteins only found in animals that are commonly used for structural support.
47
Enzyme
A protein that serves as a biological catalyst that is not consumed in a reaction.
48
Denaturation
A process that involves the unraveling of a protein and its structure, which also affects its function. Can be caused by changes in pH, temperature, or salt concentration.
49
Sickle Cell Anemia
A disease passed down through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal sickle or crescent shape.
50
Hemoglobin
An iron containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds O2.
51
Primary Structure
Linear sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide.
52
Secondary Structure
The regular local patterns of coils and folds in a polypeptide chain.
53
Tertiary Structure
The overall 3D structure of a protein caused by the interactions of the R-Groups of the amino acids.
54
Quaternary Structure
The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide chains.
55
Nucleus
The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell.
56
Ribosomes
A cell organelle that consists of mRNA and proteins and are responsible for protein synthesis in cell.
57
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and is involved in many metabolic processes. Important in producing lipids and storing calcium.
58
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached and makes more membrane
59
Mitochondria
An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs and ATP is made.
60
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that consists of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
61
Lysosomes
A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged organelles.
62
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibrous proteins in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
63
Diffusion
The spontaneous movement of molecules down their concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
64
Facilitated Diffusion
The passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient.
65
Active Transport
The movement of a substance across a biological membrane and against its concentration gradient requiring the use of transport proteins and ATP.
66
Endocytosis
Cellular uptake of molecules via the formation of new vesicles form the plasma membrane.
67
Exocytosis
The removal of materials out of the cytoplasm of the cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.
68
Membrane
A pliable sheetlike structure acting as a boundary, lining, or partition in an organism.
69
Ecstasy
Phenethylamine and amphetamine (MDMA). Functions as an anti-diuretic and causes fluid retention.
70
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
71
Lysis
The disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.
72
Aquaporin
A transport protein in the plasma membrane of some plant and animal cells that facilitates osmosis.
73
Hyponatremia
Abnormally low level of sodium in the blood; associated with dehydration.

Biology 101 (2 decks)

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