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Semester 1 Revision > Biology Lectures 9-10 > Flashcards

Biology Lectures 9-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do organisms store protein structure information?

A

Macromolecules known as nucleic acids (RNA/ DNA).

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2
Q

What does DNA and RNA stand for?

A

DNA: Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
RNA: Ribo Nucleic Acid

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3
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

DNA contains the information necessary to make PROTEINS.

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4
Q

What does RNA do?

A

RNA TRANSLATES the information found in DNA.

RNA DIRECTS the production of PROTEINS in the cytoplasm.

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5
Q

What are other names DNA and RNA known as?

A

POLYMERS of NUCLEOTIDES, also known as POLYNUCLEOTIDES or NUCLEIC ACIDS.

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6
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A
  • SUGAR (Ribose or 2-deoxy ribose)
  • NITROGENOUS BASE
  • PHOSPHATE GROUPS/S
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7
Q

Nomenclature:
Nitrogenous base=
Nucleobase + Sugar=
Nucleoside + Phosphate=

A

Nitrogenous base= NUCLEOBASE
Nucleobase + Sugar= NUCLEOSIDE
Nucleoside + Phosphate= NUCLEOTIDE

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8
Q

Nucleic acids can have additional phosphates present. What are they called?

A

Nucleotide DIPHOSPHATE

Nucleotide TRIPHOSPHATE

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9
Q

How is a nucleobase attached to a sugar?

A

With a B-N- Glycosidic Link to form a nucleoside.

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10
Q

What are pyrimidine nucleobases?

A

PYRIMIDINE nucleobases are heterocyclic organic compounds (cyclic compound with 2 different elements as members of the ring) consisting of a PYRIMIDINE RING.

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11
Q

What is a PYRIMIDINE RING ?

A

NITROGEN ATOMS at position 1 and 3 in the ring and HEXAGON

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12
Q

What nucleotides have a PYRIMIDINE RING?

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

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13
Q

What are Purine nucleases?

A

PURINE nucleobases are heterocyclic consisting of a pyrimidine ring FUSED to an IMIDAZOLE RING.

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14
Q

What is a imidazole ring?

A

NITROGEN ATOMS at positions 7 and 9 in ring and PENTAGON.

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15
Q

What nucleotides contain a imidazole ring?

A

Adenine

Guanine

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16
Q

Which nucleotides contain the ribose sugar?

A

ATP
GTP
ATP IN DEOXY form.

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17
Q

Why is NAD+ important in cellular respiration?

A

Acts as an electron acceptor.

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18
Q

Why is ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE important?

A

Can be DEPHOSPHORYLATED to release ENERGY

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19
Q

Why is GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE important?

A

Important in PROTEIN SYNETHSIS and CELL SIGNALLING.

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20
Q

Nomenclature:
1 phosphate group on nucleotide:
2 phosphate groups on nucleotide:
3 phosphate groups on nucleotide:

A

NUCLEOTIDE MONOPHOSPHATE
NUCLEOTIDE DIPHOSPHATE
NUCLEOTIDE TRIPHOSPHATE

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21
Q

In a Single Strand of DNA, how are nucleotides joined together?
Where do the nitrogenous bases come from?

A

Phosphate on one nucleotide is COVALENTLY linked, via a PHOSPHODIESTER BOND, to the 2- deoxy ribose sugar on the next nucleotide forming a strand (SUGAR- PHOSPHATE BACKBONE.
Sugar Unit.

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22
Q

How are the 2 strands of DNA complementary to each other?

A

ORIENTATION and their NITROGENOUS BASES.

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23
Q

How are DNA strands anti- parallel to each other?

A

means the strands are red from the 5’ end to the 3’end. The complementary strands have asymmetric ends.

24
Q

What does DNA polymerase only work in the 5’ to 3’ direction?

A

DNA POLYMERASE only works in the 5’ to 3’ direction because there is a PHOSPHATE group on the 5 end and there is a OH group on the 3 end. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3 end so advancing in that direction.

25
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between:
A and T?
G and C?

A

2

3

26
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

Order of bases determines the order of amino acids in the protein.

27
Q

What are genes?

A

GENES are portions of DNA which control a CHARACTERISTIC and they carry the INFORMATION for making proteins.

28
Q

What do proteins determine?

A

CELL STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS and IDENTITY

29
Q

How many base pairs are there in one chromosomes?

A

220 million.

30
Q

Who was the DNA structure discovered by? When?

A

Watson and Crick 1953

31
Q

From DNA sequence to nucleus, describe the sequence of DNA.

A

DNA SEQUENCE  DNA HELIX  HISTONES  GENE  CHROMOSOME

32
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A KARYOTYPE is the NUMBER and APPEARANCE of chromosomes in the NUCLEUS of the EUKARYOTIC CELL.

33
Q

How is the information in DNA preserved?

What does DNA serve as a template for?

A

In RNA.

Synthesis of the polynucleotide RNA.

34
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA:

A

DNA:
Deoxyribose Sugar
Double stranded
Thymine Base

RNA:
Ribose Sugar
Single stranded
Uracil Base

35
Q

What are the types of RNA and what do they each do?

A 
MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)- CONVERTS the genetic information in DNA into a TEMPLATE that can be used to CONSTRUCT a protein molecule. 
TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)- Helps to TRANSPORT the amino acid that builds the polypeptide chain of a protein. 
RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)- With ribosomal proteins, rRNA makes up the RIBOSOMES, the organelles that TRANSLATE the mRNA.
36
Q

Name 3 uses of DNA:

A

DNA in FORENSIC BIOLOGY is used for analysis of an individual’s forensic DNA ‘FINGERPRINT.’
DNA in MEDICINE is used for DNA SEQUENCING and SOMATIC GENE THERAPHY.
DNA in GENETIC ENGINEERING is used to make CHANGES to PROTEINS.

37
Q

What occurs during Transcription?

A
  1. RNA POLYMERASES breaks apart the DNA strand.
  2. A SINGLE strand of mRNA is transcribed from the TEMPLATE strand using the BASE PAIR RULE.
  3. In mRNA, the nucleobase T is substituted by U.
  4. Required nucleotides for mRNA synthesis are found FREELY in the nucleus.
38
Q

Which end of the pre-mRNA is a cap added?

A

5’ end.

39
Q

What is the cap composed of?

What enzyme allows the cap to be added to the mRNA?

A

7- METHLY GUANOSINE

GUANYLTANSFERASE.

40
Q

What are the functions of the 5’ end cap?

A
  • Ensure the mRNA is EXPORTED out of the NUCLEUS.
  • Blocks DEGRADATION of mRNA by 5’ EXONUCLEASES (enzymes that work by breaking nucleotides off the END of the polynucleotide).
  • Promotes TRANSLATION.
41
Q

What enzyme breaks phosphodiester bond in the MIDDLE of polynucleotide chain?

A

ENDONUCLEASE

42
Q

How many residues is the poly- A- tail composed of?

A

200 adebsine residues.

43
Q

What are the functions of the poly- A- tail?

A
  • Protects the mRNA from DEGREGATION by 3’ end EXONUCLEASES.
  • Aids in TERMINATION of TRANSLATION.
  • Ensure EXPORT from NUCLEUS.
  • Important in TRANSLATION.
44
Q

What does the pre-mRNA contain?

A

EXONS which CODE for proteins as well as INTRONS are sequences of NON- CODING for a protein.

45
Q

What does mature mRNA consist of?

A 
5’ cap
5’ UTR (untranslated region)
Coding Region (to be translated into a protein)
3’ UTR (untranslated region)
Poly(A) tail
46
Q

What can alternative splicing of pre-mRNA lead to?

A

DIFFERENT proteins from the SAME GENE.

47
Q

What represents each amino acid?

A

DNA base Triplets.

48
Q

How many amino acids are there?

How many mRNA codons are there?

A

20

64

49
Q

What does degenerate mean?

A

when MORE than ONE CODON codes for each of the 20 amino acids.

50
Q

What are the mRNA start and stop codons?

A

START CODONS: AUG (methionine)

STOP CODONS: UAG, UAA, UGA

51
Q

WhIn sickle cell amino what amino acid is changed to what?

A

GLUTAMIC ACID is changed to VALINE

52
Q

Describe translation:

A
  1. mRNA LEAVES nucleoplasm via nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope and enters the cytoplasm.
  2. mRNA can then travel to ribosomes for translation of the DNA code into proteins.
  3. INITIATION- Binding of RIBOSOME to the 5’ end of mRNA and hydrogen binding of the ANTI- CODON of an aminoacylate tRNA carrying METHIONINE (AUG).
  4. tRNA molecules have complementary base TRIPLETS that match up to the mRNA code, there is a tRNA molecule for each codon. tRNA molecules have AMINO ACIDS attached.
  5. Matching of tRNA and mRNA means that the amino acids are assembled in the CORRECT SEQUENCE.
  6. ELONGATION- The addition of further amino acids to the growth polypeptide chain brought by corresponding aminoacylate tRNAs. PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE creates COVALENT peptide bonds between amino acids.
  7. TERMINATION- When the STOP codon is REACHED and the peptide and ribosomal subunits are RELEASED.
53
Q

What are ribosome composed of?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

60S subunit and 40S subunit.

54
Q

What is Aminoacyl tRNA?

A

A tRNA molecule BOUND to an amino acid, which can also be known as a charged tRNA molecule.

55
Q

What is DEACYLATED or UNCHARGED tRNA?

A

A tRNA molecule which has had its amino acid REMOVED.

56
Q

What is PEPTIDLY tRNA?

A

A tRNA molecule bound to GROWING polypeptide chain.

57
Q

After the protein is created what happens?

A
  1. Ribosomes/ RER
  2. SER
  3. Golgi Complex (Apparatus and then Vesicles).

Semester 1 Revision (9 decks)

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