BIOLOGY LECTURE FINALS

Question 1

GREGOR MENDEL AND ELEMENTARY GENETICS

The term genetics was derived from the greek word ____ meaning ____ .
This term was first coined by ____ in 1906.
_____ is the branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things.

Answer 1

Gen
To become/ to grow into something
William bateson
Heredity

Question 2

GREGOR MENDEL AND ELEMENTARY GENETICS

____ is our genetic heritage, passing from the parents to their offspring. These traits can be physical, a disease or behavioral and _____ is the difference in the genetic make up or physical appearance of a different organisms

Answer 2

Heredity
Variation

Question 3

GREGOR MENDEL AND ELEMENTARY GENETICS

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
1. ____ Field that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level.
2. ____ Study the processes by which organisms grow and develop
3. ____ concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes
4. ____ the study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary change
5. ____ study of the fundamental relationship between genes, protein, and metabolism. This involves the study of the cause of many specific heritable disease

Answer 3

Molecular genetics
Developmental genetics
Cytogenetics
Evolutionary genetics
Biochemical genetics

Question 4

GREGOR MENDEL AND ELEMENTARY GENETICS

BRANCHES OF GENETICS
6. ___ the field of study that examines the role of genetics in animal (including human) behavior
7. ___ the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow
8._____ the study of continuously measured traits (such as height or weight) and their mechanisms

Answer 4

Behavioral genetics
Population genetics
Quantitative genetics

Question 5

APPLICATION OF GENETICS (5)
1. This includes selective breeding, producing high yielding crops, advancements in meat production through breeding that supplied the protein needs, and the use of selected microbial strains that improved the fermentation of foods and food products.
2. Genetic diseases and abnormalities have been identified and appropriate preventive measures are prescribed. Knowing the nature of these defects made it easier to take the preventive steps, including gene therapy.
3. Knowledge of the inheritance of certain desirable or undesirable characteristics will help individuals, prospective parents, and families to understand their genetic history and adapt to the most effective way of treatment, if necessary.
4. Genetics helped solve problems of disputed parentage in settling child support, estate claims or even baby mix-up in hospitals. DNA profiles or fingerprints of suspects have been found to be an accurate tool in identifying criminals.
5. This involves joining of DNA segments from different biological sources producing genetically modified organism (GMO) or transgenic plants, animals, or microorganisms. Therapeutic proteins, hormones and vaccines are also produced using this technology.

Answer 5

Plant, animal and microbial improvement
Medicine
Genetic counseling
Legal application
Recombinant DNA Technology

Question 6

THEORY OF _____ by ____

This theory suggests that ____ small particles in the body were formed everywhere in the man’s body and such gemmule reflected the characteristics of the body part from where it was formed.

Answer 6

Pangenesis
Charles darwin
Gemmules

Question 7

_____ proposed his theory of ____ based on the pangenesis theory. Body modifications acquired by use or disuse could be transmitted to the offspring because the gemmules formed reflected such modifications. He stated that CHANGE IS WHAT ORGANISMS WANT OR NEED

Answer 7

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Theory of Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 8

____ disproved the theory of pangenesis with his theory of ____.
This theory proposed that ____ or sex cells perpetuated themselves in reproduction generation after generation. While ____ or body cells were reproduced by germplasm to protect and reproduce itself.

Answer 8

August weisman
Germplasm theory
Germplasm
Somatoplasm

Question 9

He discovered that hereditary characteristic were determined by elementary factors that are transmitted between generations. He believe that ___ is inherited from generation to generation that each descendant has a physical copy of this material

Answer 9

Gregor mendel
Gene

Question 10

MENDELIAN OBSERVATION

• Garden peas are ____, they are true-breeding plants. They always produce offspring that look like the parent
• Garden peas mature within ___
• Large quantities of garden peas could be ___
Mendel applied _____ he classified the hybrid ___ and determined their perspective frequencies

Answer 10

Self-pollinating
One season
Cultivated simultaneously
Quantitative approach
Progenies

Question 11

Mendel observed seven characteristics from his garden peas, each with two contrasting traits.

• For the seeds, he observed the ___ (either round or wrinkled)
• ____ (yellow or green)
• Flower color ( white or violet)
• ____ (full or constricted) and color ___
• ___ (axial pods with flowers along terminal pods with flower at top) and ___ (long or short)

• Mendel confirmed that he was using ___ for white or violet flower color (How mendel perform his experiment)

Answer 11

Form
Color
Pod form
Yellow or green
Stem place
Stem size
True-breeding plants

Question 12

MENDELIAN OBSERVATION

•___ are those that are inherited unchanged in a hybridization while ___ disappear in the offspring of hybridization but reappear in the offspring of the hybrids

Answer 12

Dominant traits
Recessive

Question 13

CHROMOSOMES THEORY OF INHERITANCE

In 1903 ____ and ____ independently suggested the pair factors (in Mendel’s observation) is paralleled by the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

• The individual genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes, and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can explain why genes are inherited, these observation proposed the ____

• This theory was confirmed when ___ discovered the sex chromosomes on his study about fruit flies

Answer 13

Walter sutton and theodor boveri
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Thomas hunt morgan

Question 14

CHROMOSOMES

The term chromosomes comes from the greek words ___ and ___ which stands for color and body. Chromosomes are thread like structure located inside the nucleus of the cell. The ___ provides support for the structure of chromosomes coiling it and keeping it highly condensed

Answer 14

Chroma
Soma
Protein histone

Question 15

CHROMOSOMES

Chromosomes are also ___ females have two _ Chromosomes (XX) while males have one _ and one _ (__)
Chromosomes has different parts :
• ___ the constricted region of the chromosomes. It help keep chromosomes properly aligned during cell division and the attachment site for the sister chromatids
• ___ are located at the ends of the chromosomes. Protect the ends of the chromosomes and sustain chromosome stability
• ___ region on either side of the centromere.
• The short arm ___
• The long arm ___

Answer 15

Sex determinants
X (XX)
X & Y (XY)
Centromere
Telomeres
Chromosomes arms
P arm
Q arm

Question 16

TYPES OF CHROMOSOMES

• Chromosomes can be ____ when centromere occupies the terminal position, so that the chromosomes has just one arm.
• ____ when the centromere occupies a sub-terminal position (one arm is very long and other is very short)
• ____ Chromosomes are when centromere is positioned slightly awar from the mid-point so that the two arms are unequal.
• ____ is when centromere lies in the middle of chromosomes so that the two arms are almost equal

Answer 16

Telocentric
Acrocentric
Sub-metacentric
Metacentric

Question 17

DNA STRUCTURE

The DNA are made up of ____
• In 1944 ___, ____ and ___ concluded that the DNA is the genetic material. But DNA was first identified in the late 1860s by swiss chemist ____

• DNA is composed of repeating nucleotides, which are made up of a ___ (ribose or deoxyribose) , a ___ (purine (G,A) And pyrimidines (C,T) and ___

Bases ( Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine)

Answer 17

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Oswald avery, colin macleod and maclyn mcCarty
Friedrich miescher
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
Phosphoric acid

Question 18

CENTRAL DOGMA
First used by ___

Summarize the event from DNA to RNA to protein production. It explains the flow of genetic information in making functional proteins.
• This describes the step-by-step process of the duplication of the DNA (__), how DNA is transcribed into RNA (__) and how RNA is translated into proteins (__)

Answer 18

Francis crick
Central dogma
Replication
Transcription
Translation

Question 19

CENTRAL DOGMA (REPLICATION)

• During DNA replication, each of the two strands that make up the double helix serves as a template from which new strands are copied. The new strand will be complementary to the parental or “old” strand. This is known as ___ replication.
• There are specific nucleotide sequence called ____ at which replication process begins. When the helicase unwinds and opens the DNA, a Y-Shaped structure called ____ is formed

Answer 19

Semiconservative replication
Origins of replication
Replication fork

Question 20

DNA (TRANSCRIPTION)

• The region of unwinding is called a ___
• Transcription proceeds from one of the two DNA strands, called the ____ RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, separates the two strands while complementing DNA template nucleotide with RNA nucleotides.

1. ___ are complexed with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes, which are protein synthesizing organelles of the cell.
2. ___ provides the template that contains the nucleotide code for the amino acid sequence of a protein.
3. ___ transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

Answer 20

Transcription bubbles
Template strand
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA

Question 21

DNA (TRANSLATION)

The process by which the mature mRNA is used as a template for synthesizing protein. Carried out in ribosomes. Each amino acid is defined by a three nucleotide sequence called a ___

• The relationship between a nucleotide codon and it’s corresponding amino acid is called the ___

• Three of the 64 codons terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation and machinery. They are UAA, UAG and UGA they are called ___

Answer 21

Codon
Genetic code
Stop codons

Question 22

GENES AND GENE INTERACTIONS

Mendel concluded that individuals had two discrete copies of the characteristics that are passed individually to offspring. He called these as ____ which we call now genes

• A ___ is the unit of heredity occupying a particular location on the chromosomes and passed on to offspring.
• ___ are gene variants that exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes
• The observable traits expressed by an organism are reffered to as its ___ (it is referred to the appearance of an organism) (height, eye color, etc.)
• organisms underlying genetic makeup is called its ___

Answer 22

Factors
Genes
Alleles
Phenotype
Genotype

Question 23

GENES AND GENETIC INTERACTIONS.

____ is a hereditary factor express itself when present
____ Is a hereditary factor that is hidden and Expressed only when two recessive alleles are combined
• Mendel used in his experiment were each ____ for the trait he was studying. This means that an organism has two identical alleles, one on each of their homologous chromosomes.
• When p plants with contrasting traits were cross fertilized, all of the offspring were ___ for the contrasting traits meaning their genotype had different alleles for the gene being examined (Bb)

Answer 23

Dominant allele
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous

Question 24

LAW OF DOMINANCE

____ this states that heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristics. Rather than both alleles contributing to a phenotype, the dominant allele will be expressed exclusively.

Answer 24

Law of dominance

Question 25

MONOHYBRID CROSS

The fertilization between true breeding parents that differ by only the characteristics being studied. It is called ____

• a ___ is a device invented by ___ used for determining probabilities (measures of likelihood)
• ____ can be determined from a punnet square. And if the pattern of inheritance (dominant or recessive) is know, ___ can also be determined

Answer 25

Monohybrid cross
Punnet square
Reginald Punnet l
Genotypic ratios
Phenotypic ratio

Question 26

LAW OF SEGREGATION

Mendel proposed the ___ this law states that paired unit factors (genes) must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor.

• In ___ the dominant expressing organisms is crossed with an organism that is homozygous recessive for the same characteristics

Answer 26

Law of segregation
Test score

Question 27

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

___ states that genes do not influence each other regarding the sorting of alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur.
It can be illustrated by the ____ a cross between two true breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics

Answer 27

Law of independent assortment
Dihybrid cross

Question 28

ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

The word animal came from the Latin word ____ which means having breath. Animals are diverse group of organisms that make
up the ____
• ___ animals are composed of many cells that are fused together
• ___ animals obtain their energy by consuming the bodies of other organisms (Animals must convert these macromolecules into the simple molecules required for maintaining cellular function. This conversion is a multistep
process involving ____ and ___
• ____ animal reproduction is necessary for the survival of species

Answer 28

Animalis
Kingdom Animalia.
Heterotrophic
Digestion and absorption
Sexual reproduction

Question 29

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS

___ The process in which an organism develops from a single-celled zygote to a multicellular organism is complex
and well-regulated.

• ____ undergoes rapid cell division to form ____ in the process termed as ____
•The blastula arranges
themselves in two layers: the ____ and the outer layer called the ____
• During ____ the embryonic stem cells express specific sets of genes which will determine their ultimate cell type

Answer 29

Development
Zygote
Blastula
Cleavage
Inner mass cells
Trophoblast
Differentiation

Question 30

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS

___ Most animals are able to respond rapidly to external stimuli as a result of the activity of their nerve cells and
muscle cells.
•____ is the ability of an organism to move of its own accord by expending energy and it can be in the form
of walking, slithering, swimming, or flying to propel themselves through world.
• ____ is the biological property of an organism describing its lack of means of selflocomotion.
• Homeostasis- This “constancy of the internal milieu” was first recognized in the 19th century. Later on, the term homeostasis
was formed to describe the constancy of the body’s internal environment.
• These equilibrium conditions are maintained by mechanisms collectively called as ___

Answer 30

Movement
Motility
Sessility
Feedback systems

Question 31

COMMON CHARACTERISTIC OF ANIMALS

• ___ When a change occurs in an animal’s environment, an adjustment must be made. The receptor senses the change in the environment,
then send signals to the control center which in turn generates a response. Homeostasis is maintained by this
• ____ maintains the direction of the stimulus, possibly accelerating it. One example here is the uterine contraction
during childbirth.
• ____ is the process of maintaining salt and water balance across membranes within the body. There is a constant
input of water and electrolytes (ions) into the system.

Answer 31

Negative feedback
Positive feedback (loop)
Osmoregulation

Question 32

MAIN ANIMAL DIVISION

•____ animals have
no pattern or symmetry; example is a sponge.
•____ is when any plane cut along the
longitudinal axis through the organism produces
equal halves, but not a definite left or right side.
This is mostly found in aquatic animals.
• ____ is when an animal can be divided into roughly mirror-image halves only
along one particular plane through the central axis.

Answer 32

Asymmetrical
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry

Question 33

MAIN ANIMAL DIVISION

The evolution of bilateral symmetry is accompanied by ____ the concentration of sensory organs and brain in a defined head
region. Cephalization produces an ____(head) end, where sensory cells, sensory organs, cluster of nerve cells, and organs for
ingesting food are concentrated.
• The other end of a cephalized animal is designated ___
and may feature a tail.
• We also have the ___ side that contains the cranial and spinal
cord and
• the ____ side that contains the thoracic activity – one that surrounds the lungs
and heart

Answer 33

Cephalization
Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral

Question 34

MAIN ANIMAL DIVISION

____
The blastula
folds upon itself to form the three layers of cells. Each of these layers is called a germ
layer and each germ layer differentiates into different organ systems.
• The ___ gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis.
• The ___ gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissues in the
body.
• The ___ gives rise to columnar cells found in the
digestive system and many internal organs

Answer 34

Germ layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 35

MAIN ANIMAL DIVISION

___ The members of many bilateral animal have a fluid-filled
cavity between the digestive tube and the outer body wall.
• The most widespread type of body cavity is a ____ , a fluidfilled cavity that is completely lined with a thin layer of tissue
that develops from mesoderm.
Animals that have coelom are called coelomates. These are
the annelids, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, and
chordates.
• Other animals have a body cavity that is not
completely surrounded by a mesoderm-derived tissue. They
are called as ____ and they include the roundworms.
• While animals that do not have body cavity at
all are known as ____.

Answer 35

Body cavities
Coelom
Pseudocoelomates
Acoelomates

Question 36

TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE

____
Epithelial cells are the body’s
gatekeepers, protecting and
regulating the movement of
substances in and out of the body
• The types of epithelial tissues are
classified by the shape of the cells
present, to which they can either be ___, ____ and ____
the number of layers of cells – either ____, ____ or ___.

Answer 36

Epithelial tissue
Cuboidal, columnar, squamous
Simple, stratified or psudostratified

Question 37

TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE

_____ serve mainly to support and bind other tissues. Connective tissues can be place into three main categories:
1. _____ – also called the areolar
connective tissue; this combines with the epithelial tissues to form the membranes. They contain a diffuse
network of protein fibers, loosely woven through a clear extracellular fluid. It surrounds, cushions and supports most organs of the body.
2. ______ – contains collagen fibers,
which are densely packed in an orderly parallel arrangement – a design that contributes to the flexibility and tremendous strength of tendons and ligaments. Tendons connect bones to muscles, while ligaments connect bones to bones.
3. ________ – this includes the
cartilage, bone, fat, and blood.
•____ covers the ends
of bones at joints, provides the supporting framework for
the respiratory passages, support the ears and the nose,
and forms shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae.
•_____ or ____ has large amount of two types of matrix material –
organic and inorganic matrix.
• _____ collectively known as ____
tissue are modified for long-term energy storage. They serve as
insulations to help maintain body temperature, and function in
cushioning against damage to body organs.
• ____ is considered a
connective tissue because it has a matrix

Answer 37

Connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue
Cartilage
Bone or osseous tissue
Fat cells / adipose tissue
Blood

Question 38

TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE

____
You owe your ability to sense and respond to the world to nerve tissue,
which makes up the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves that travel
from them to all parts of the body.
• ____ are specialized to generate electric signals and to conduct
these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Glial cells surround,
support, electrically insulate, and protect neurons

Answer 38

Nervous tissue
Neurons

Question 39

TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE

_____
The long, thin cells of muscle tissue contract (shorten) when stimulated, then relax passively. There are three types of muscle tissues
in an animal body: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac. They differ by the
presence or absence of striations or bands, the number and
location of nuclei, whether they are voluntary or involuntary, and
their location within the body.
1. ____ is generally under voluntary, or
conscious control. Its main function is to move the
skeleton, as occurs when you walk or turn the pages of a
book.
2. ____ is located only in the heart. It is
spontaneously active and involuntary.
3. ____ lacks the orderly arrangement of thick
and thin filaments. It is embedded in the walls of
digestive tract, the uterus, the bladder, and large blood
vessels. It produces slow, sustained contractions that are
mostly involuntary.

Answer 39

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

Question 40

ORGAN SYSTEM ____

• MAJOR STRUCTURES
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large
intestines, glands producing digestive secretions
• PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE
Supplies the body with nutrients that provide energy and materials
for growth and maintenance

Answer 40

Digestive

Question 41

ORGAN SYSTEM
• MAJOR STRUCTURES
Nose, pharynx, trachea, lungs/gills

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE
Provides an area for gas exchange between the blood and the
environment

Answer 41

Respiratory

Question 42

ORGAN SYSTEM ___
• MAJOR STRUCTURES
Heart, blood vessel, blood

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE
Transport nutrients, gases, hormones, metabolic wastes, assist in
temperature contro

Answer 42

Circulatory

Question 43

ORGAN SYSTEM ___
• MAJOR STRUCTURES
Lymph, lymph nodes, WBC

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE
Carries fat and excess fluid to blood, destroys invading microbes

Answer 43

Immune system

Question 44

ORGAN SYSTEM

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Maintains homeostatic conditions within bloodstream, filters
cellular wastes, toxins, and excess water and nutrients

Answer 44

Excretory system

Question 45

ORGAN SYSTEM ___

Hormone secreting glands and organs

Controls physiological processes in conjunction with the nervous
system

Answer 45

Endocrine system

Question 46

ORGAN SYSTEM

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Senses the environment, directs behavior

Answer 46

Nervous system

Question 47

ORGAN SYSTEM

Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

Provides support for the body, attachment sites for muscles,
protection of internal organs

Answer 47

Skeletal system

Question 48

ORGAN SYSTEM ___

Skeletal and smooth muscles

Controls movement of substances, moves the skeleton

Answer 48

Muscular system

Question 49

ORGAN SYSTEM

(male) Testes, penis, prostate gland;
(female – mammal) ovary, uterus, vagina,
mammary glands

Produces sperm; produces egg cells, nurtures developing offspring

Answer 49

Reproductive system

Question 50

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

• a scientist name ____ first proposed organizing the known species of organisms into a hierarchical taxonomy
• Linnaeus was the first to name organisms using two unique names, now called the ____
• ____ In this system, species that are most similar to each other
are put together within a grouping known as genus. Furthermore, similar genera (plural form of genus) are put together within a family.
• The current taxonomic system now has seven levels
in its hierarchy: (7)

Answer 50

Carolous Linnaeus
Binomial naming system
Animal Taxonomic rank
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom

Question 51

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

• ____ , those with a backbone, and
• ____ those lacking a backbone.

INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM (8)
VERTEBRATES PHYLUM (6)

Answer 51

Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Phylum porifera, Cnidaria, Nematoda, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca, echinodermata, anthropoda

Phylum chordata, fish, amphibians, reptiles , birds, mammals

Question 52

INVERTEBRATES

1. _____
   The earliest animals probably originated from colonies of
   simple organisms whose members had become specialized
   to perform distinct roles within the colonial body.
   Sponges, which fills the Phylum Porifera, are typically free
   form in shape and are sessile.
2. _____
   The hydra, anemones, and jellyfish that make up the
   Phylum Cnidaria have tissues. A simple network of nerve
   cells allows loosely coordinated movements. Digestion is
   extracellular, and they exhibit radial symmetry.
3. ___
   Flatworms have a distinct head with sensory organs and a
   simple brain. They have a system of canals forming a
   network through the body that aids in secretion. They lack
   body cavit

Answer 52

Phylum porifera
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum platyhelminthes

Question 53

INVERTEBRATES

4. Phylum ____
   The segmented worms are the most complex of the worms,
   with a well-developed closed circulatory system and
   excretory organs. They have compartmentalized digestive
   system which processes food in sequence
5. Phylum ____
   The pseudocoelomate roundworms possess a separate mouth
   and anus and a cuticle layer that is molted.
6. Phylum ____
   The snails, clams, and squid lack a skeleton; some forms
   protect the soft, moist, muscular body with a single shell
   or a pair of hinged shells (bivalves). They lack a waterproof external covering that limits the complexity of their
   behavior. The octopus has the most complex brain and the
   best-developed learning capacity of any invertebrate.
7. Phylum ____
   Arthropods, the insects, arachnids, millipedes, centipedes, and
   crustaceans are the most diverse and abundant organisms on
   Earth. They have invaded nearly every available terrestrial and
   aquatic habitat. They have jointed appendages and well-developed
   nervous systems that makes their complex, finely coordinated
   behavior possible. Their exoskeleton and specialized respiratory
   structures enable insects to survive on dry land.
8. Phylum ____
   The sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers are an exclusively
   marine group. Echinoderm larvae are bilaterally symmetrical;
   however, the adults show a radial symmetry. This, in addition to
   a primitive nervous system that lacks a definite brain, adapts
   them to a relatively sedentary existence. Echinoderm bodies are
   supported by a non-living internal skeleton that sends
   projections through the skin. The water-vascular system, which
   functions in locomotion, feeding, and respiration, is a unique
   echinoderm feature.

Answer 53

Annelida
Nematoda
Mollusca
Anthropoda
Echinodermata

Question 54

VERTEBRATES

_____
All chordates are united by
four features that all possess at some stages of their lives:
1. _____ – a stiff but flexible rod that extends the
length of the body and provides an attachment site for
muscles.
2. _____ – this hollow neural structure develops a
thickening at its anterior end that becomes the brain.
3. ______ – may form functional respiratory openings or may appear only as grooves during an early stage in
development.
4. ____ – an extension of the body past the anus

Answer 54

Phylum chordata
Notochord
Nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post-anal tail

Question 55

CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES

• two groups of jawless fishes survive: the hagfishes and lampreys. Both __
and ____ have eel-shaped bodies and smooth, unscaled skin.
•____ are exclusively marine. They live near the ocean floor,
often burrowing in the mud, and feed primarily on worms. They have reputation as ( “ SLIME BALLS OF THE SEA)

Answer 55

Hagfishes
Lampreys
Hagfishes

Question 56

CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES

____ are ancient extant lineage of jawless fish of order ____ The spinal cord of lampreys is protected by segments of
cartilage, so lampreys are considered to be true vertebrates. They live in both
freshwater and salt waters, but the marine forms must return to fresh water
to spawn.

Answer 56

Lampreys
Petromyzontiformes

Question 57

CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES

The class ____ derived its name from Greek words meaning “cartilage fishes” and it includes 625 marine species, among them are
sharks, skates, and rays.
• The ____ fishes are graceful predators that lack any bone in their skeleton, which is formed entirely of cartilage. The body is protected by a leathery skin roughened by tiny scales.

Answer 57

Chondrichthyes ( kaan·drik·theez)
Cartilaginous

Question 58

CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES

____
The most diverse and abundant vertebrates are not birds or the predominantly terrestrial mammals. Rather, the vertebrate diversity
crown belongs to the lords of the oceans and fresh water, the bony fishes
of the class _____ whose skeletons are composed of bone rather
than cartilage. (Angler fish, green moray eel, sea horse)

Answer 58

Bony fishes
Osteichthyes (aa•stee•ik•thee•eez)

Question 59

FISH ADAPTATION AND LIFESTYLES

The general lifestyle of fishes can either be ___, ____, or ____.
• They possess the ____ lifestyle when they occur in water
column far away from the bottom
environment. This is often referred to as blue water. Fishes with this lifestyle includes tuna, blue sharks, and mackerel sharks.
• ____ includes bottomassociated fishes, but not usually sitting
on the bottom. Butterfly fishes,
parrotfish, surgeon fish are some
examples of this.
• ____ lifestyle is for
bottom-dwelling fishes that spend the majority of time sitting on the bottom, including flatfishes, gobies, scorpion fishes, and lizard fishes.
For the body shape, fishes are either
fusiform, compressed, elongated, or
depressed. Source of their body
coloration are either pigment color – these are the chromatophores for yellows, reds, oranges, browns, and black; or structural color
– reflection and light refraction for blues, silvers, and rainbows

Answer 59

Pelagic, demersal, benthic
Pelagic lifestyle
Demersal
Benthic

Question 60

PATTERN
1. _____ – observed most frequently in pelagic cruisers and results to blue water camouflage.
2. _____ – matching the background coloration; typically seen in benthic fishes, especially benthic ambush predators.
3. ____ coloration – color pattern
that breaks up the silhouette of the fish; may involve dark bards across the eye and tail region.
4. _____ and ____ – seen frequently in
schooling demersal fishes; may confuse potential predators by making it difficult to select individual prey from school.
5. ____ – false eye spots.
6. _____ – bright, obvious
color patterns that may advertise a
cleaning station, a warning, of for matin

Answer 60

Countershading
Camouflage
Disruptive coloration
Bars and stripes
Misdirection
Advertising coloration

Question 61

LIFE CYCLE
Fishes also have different life cycle and migration. First is ____ , in which adult fish live in the sea and migrate into freshwater
to spawn, and ____ in which adult
fish live in freshwater and migrate to salt water to spawn.
• In terms of feeding behavior, most fishes are ____ and prey on everything from zooplanktons to large vertebrates.
• Some are ___ that eat plants and micro algae.
• There are also ___that filter
microorganisms from the water. • •Other groups are _____ that eat dead and dying animals,
• ____ that consume fine particulate organic matter, and
• ____ that consume
parts of other live fishes

Answer 61

Anadromous
Catadromous
Carnivores
Herbivores
Suspension feeders
Scavengers
Detritivorse
Parasites

Question 62

LIFE CYCLE
____
Another group of vertebrates is the amphibians. The species of the class Amphibia straddle the boundary between aquatic and terrestrial existence. Amphibians are tied to moist habitats by their breeding behavior, which requires water.Their fertilization is normally external and
must therefore occur in water so that the sperm can swim to the
eggs.
• ___ include the lizards and snakes, which by far are the
most diverse of the modern group, and the turtles, alligators, and crocodiles.
•Snakes are limbless and usually lack both pelvic and pectoral girdles. They usually move using ____
where movement follows an S-shaped path.
• ___movement of snakes enables them to move in a narrow
passage.
• And the ____allows desert vipers to
move fast over loose, sandy surfaces with a minimum of surface contact.

Answer 62

Amphibians
Reptiles
Lateral undulation
Concertina
Sidewinder motion

Question 63

LIFE CYCLE
____
The first birds appear in the fossil record roughly 150 million years ago and are distinguished from other reptiles by the presence of
feathers, which are essentially a higher specialized version of reptilian body scales.
• . All birds also have hindlimbs adapted for walking,
swimming, or perching.
They also have different kinds of wings particular to their kind
of flight:
1. ____ wings – good for maneuvering in forests.
2. ____wings – used by birds that feed during flight or that make long migrations.
3. _____ wings – used by oceanic birds that exploit the reliable sea winds.
4. ____ wings – found in predators that carry heavy loads. Soaring over land with variable air currents.

Answer 63

Birds
Elliptical
High speed
Dynamic soaring
High lift

Question 64

MIGRATION
The stimulus for migration has to do with the changing hormone levels brought about by a change in day length. These birds
navigate using a number of cues:
• ___ cues (landmarks),
• ____ , ____ , or ____ cues (sun by day,
stars at night).

Answer 64

Visual cues
Accurate sense of time
Earth’s magnetic field
Celestial

Question 65

Social Relationships and Youngs of Birds

Two types of mating systems are present in birds:____ where an individual has one mate (seasonal or lifelong), or
• ____ – where an individual has more than one mate during a
breeding season.
It has two types: • ____ – one male, many
females, and
• _____– one female, many males.
Most birds build nests in which to lay eggs. When the young hatch
they are either precocial or altricial. •_____ young, such as ducks,
water birds, fowl and quail are covered with down (soft feathers)
when they hatch and can run or swim as soon as their down dries.
•_____ young, on the other hand, are naked and unable to see or
walk at hatching

Answer 65

Monogamy
Polygamy
Polygyny
Polyandry
Precocial
Altricial

Question 66

LIFE CYCLE

____ are represented by more than 5,000 species. They are warm-blooded and have high-metabolic rates. In most mammals, fur protects and insulates the warm body. Mammals also have four chambered hearts that increase the amount of oxygen delivered to
the tissues.
• In one group of mammals, the ____, the period of uterine development is short, and the
young are born at a very immature stage of development.
• Most mammal species are ____ mammals and retain their young in the uterus for a much longer
period. “Placental” refers to the placenta, the uterine structure that functions in gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the
circulatory systems of the mother and embryo

Answer 66

Mammals
Marsupials
Placental mammals

Question 67

PLANT STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
___ the study of plants

UNIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS
• Plants are ___
Plants are primarily oxygenic ____ , that is, they conduct photosynthesis in which oxygen is released as a byproduct. They share this fundamental metabolism with cyanobacteria, various organisms referred to as algae, and even a few animals.
• Plants are ____ multicellular, primarily terrestrial organisms descended from green algae
Plant cells use systems to carry out the functions needed to keep the plant alive. Plants need places to store nutrients, water, and
food, make food and prevent desiccation or drying therefore needs more than one cell and cell type to proliferate.
• The formal Plant Kingdom (clade ___) is descended from the green algal group ___, and consists of complex, multicellular, mostly
terrestrial plants in which early embryonic growth is protected and nurtured in special chambers on the parent plant.
• ____, singular alga, members of a group of predominantly aquatic photosynthetic organisms of the kingdom Protista. Algae have many types of life
cycles, and they range in size from microscopic Micromonas species to giant kelps that reach 60 meters (200 feet) in length

Answer 67

Photosynthetic
Photoautotrophs
Eukaryotic
Embryophyta
Charophyta
Algae

Question 68

UNIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS

New tissues and organs are formed at ____ Growth in plants is localized in specialized tissues. The meristems for primary growth (apical meristems) are located at the tips of shoots and roots, and in plants with elongated stems, cell division, and expansion may continue for some time within the
internodes.
• Plants are ___ systems
Plant cells have rigid cell walls made primarily of cellulose, which limit cell expansion caused by osmosis. This results in turgor pressure, which plays a part in cell growth, tissue expansion, movement of plant parts, maintenance of organ rigidity, and transport of food, water, and minerals.
• The cell walls are outside of the living protoplasts, and along with intercellular spaces and hollow conducting cells, collectively create a non-living matrix ____through which water may move from one part of the plant to another.
• Cytoplasmic strands (____) connect the living protoplasts of plant cells, resulting in a second network (____) through which fluids including dissolved sugar and other organics, may also move from one part of the plant to another, often through active
manipulation of osmotic forces. A large central vacuole contains water and other stored substances and helps regulate cytoplasmic
water and solute content

Answer 68

Meristems
Hydrostatic
Apoplast
Plasmodesmata
Symplast

Question 69

UNIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS

Plants have complex reproductive cycles involving the alternation of generations As non-motile organisms, multicellular plants are dependent on external factors, such as wind, water, or animals, to complete sexual reproduction and disperse their genetic progeny to distant locations. In the simplest land plants, sperm cells swim to eggs through water, but dispersal to new locales is a separate process achieved by airborne spores.
As the long-distance dispersal of spores and the short-distance travel of gametes have very different requirements, plants typically
alternate between two distinct multicellular bodies or generations. √
• A diploid spore-producing body (____ ) produces spores
through meiosis and is typically tall so as to launch the spores for effective dispersal by air currents.
• Spores germinate into haploid gamete-producing bodies (_____) which remain small and close to the ground so that sperm
cells can be released into films of surface water and need to travel only a short distance to unite with an egg on a genetically different
plant.

Answer 69

Sporophyte
Gametophyte

Question 70

HIERARCHY OF PLANT ORGANIZATION
. Plants have two
vegetative organ systems, the ___ system, and the ___
system. ___meristems can produce new tissue throughout
the plant’s life. Most cells are ___ (has the potential to
divide until it creates an entire, complete organism), so plants
can repair damage
• ___ System – anchors plant, absorbs water and
minerals, stores products of photosynthesis. Branching
increases surface area for absorption.
• ___ System – leaves are the main photosynthetic organs; stems hold leaves up to expose them to sunlight and connect the
roots and leaves

Answer 70

Root
Shoot
Apical
Totipotent
Root
Shoot

Question 71

BASIC PLANT CELL TYPES
• ____ - the most common type of plant cell—stores starch, oils, and water for the plant. You can find it throughout a plant. These cells have thin walls and large water-filled vacuoles in the middle. Photosynthesis occurs in green
chloroplasts within this cells in leaves.
• ____ - has cell walls
that range from thin to thick,
providing support while still
allowing the plant to grow. These
cells are most common in the
younger tissues of leaves and
shoots. They often form into
strands
• ___ - of the three basic plant cell types, a sclerenchyma cell is the strongest. These cells have a second cell wall that is hardened by
lignin, which makes these cells very tough and durable. But the lignin
also makes these cells very rigid. Unlike collenchyma cells, they can’t
grow with the plant. Therefore, this cells are found in parts of the plant that aren’t lengthening anymore

Answer 71

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Question 72

BASIC PLANT CELL TYPES
• ____ - the most common type of plant cell—stores starch, oils, and water for the plant. You can find it throughout a plant. These cells have thin walls and large water-filled vacuoles in the middle. Photosynthesis occurs in green
chloroplasts within this cells in leaves.
• ____ - has cell walls
that range from thin to thick,
providing support while still
allowing the plant to grow. These
cells are most common in the
younger tissues of leaves and
shoots. They often form into
strands
• ___ - of the three basic plant cell types, a sclerenchyma cell is the strongest. These cells have a second cell wall that is hardened by
lignin, which makes these cells very tough and durable. But the lignin
also makes these cells very rigid. Unlike collenchyma cells, they can’t
grow with the plant. Therefore, this cells are found in parts of the plant that aren’t lengthening anymore

Answer 72

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Question 73

TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
there are three groups of tissue systems in plants: ___, ___, and _____ systems
• ___ Tissue - Your body is covered with skin. Plants don’t have skin, but they do have a system of dermal tissue that covers
the outside of a plant and protects it in a variety of ways. This tissue, called epidermis, is made up of live parenchyma cells in the nonwoody parts of plants
• Some epidermal
cells may differentiate into the following:
• ___ (pores for gas exchange),
• ___ (leaf hairs, that protect against
herbivores and damaging solar radiation), and
• ___ (increase root surface area).

Answer 73

Dermal
Ground
Vascular tissue system
Dermal
Stomata
Trichomes
Root hairs

Question 74

TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
there are three groups of tissue systems in plants: ___, ___, and _____ systems
• ___ Tissue - Your body is covered with skin. Plants don’t have skin, but they do have a system of dermal tissue that covers
the outside of a plant and protects it in a variety of ways. This tissue, called epidermis, is made up of live parenchyma cells in the nonwoody parts of plants
• Some epidermal
cells may differentiate into the following:
• ___ (pores for gas exchange),
• ___ (leaf hairs, that protect against
herbivores and damaging solar radiation), and
• ___ (increase root surface area).

Answer 74

Dermal
Ground
Vascular tissue system
Dermal
Stomata
Trichomes
Root hairs

Question 75

TYPE OF PLANT TISSUES
• ___ tissue provides support and stores materials in roots and stems. In leaves, ground tissue is packed with chloroplasts, where
photosynthesis makes food for the plant. The ground tissue system consists of all three of the simple tissues—parenchyma
tissue, collenchyma tissue, and sclerenchyma tissue—but parenchyma is by far the most common of the ground tissues.
• ___ Tissue - Surrounded by ground tissue, the system of vascular tissue transports water, mineral nutrients, and organic compounds to all parts of the plant. Plants can transport necessary fluids and nutrients throughout their systems.
• ___ is the vascular tissue
that carries water and dissolved mineral nutrients up from the roots to the rest of the plant.
• ____ is the vascular tissue that carries the products of photosynthesis through the plant

Answer 75

Ground tissue
Vascular tissue
Xylem
Phloem

Question 76

XYLEM ELEMENTS
Water and dissolved minerals move up from the roots to the rest of the plant through the xylem. The ___ contains other types of cells besides the basic cell types. Because it contains other types of cells, xylem tissue is called ___ tissue.
• One type of specialized cell in the xylem is called a ____. cells are long and narrow. Water can flow from cell to cell in this through
openings in the thick cell walls.
• The ____ theory proposes that the
physical properties of water allow
the rise of water through a plant.
This well-supported theory is based
on the strong attraction of water
molecules to one another and to
other surfaces. The tendency of
hydrogen bonds to form between
water molecules creates a force
called cohesion

Answer 76

Xylem
Complex
Tracheid cell
Cohesion tension

Question 77

PHLOEM ELEMENTS
____ carries plant nutrients, including minerals and sugars, throughout the plant. It moves the products of photosynthesis out of the leaves to stems and roots.
• Unlike the xylem, phloem tissue is alive.Phloem is a complex tissue made mostly of cells called ____ elements. Their name comes from the small holes in the end walls of their cells
• The ___ model is a well-supported theory that explains how food,
or sap, moves through a plant. Phloem sap moves from a sugar source to a sugar sink. A source is any part of the plant that has a high concentration of sugars.

Answer 77

Phloem
Sieve tube
Pressure-flow

Question 78

PLANT ORGANS
___ support the plant and absorb, transport, and store nutrients. Like other plant parts, roots contain all three tissue system vascular, ground, and dermal.
• Roots take one of two basic forms. ____ systems have a long, thick, vertical root with smaller branches. • ____ allow plants
to get water from deep in the ground. The ____ can also sometimes store food. Radishes, carrots, and beets are examples of
taproots that we eat.
• ___ root systems, on the other hand, make fine branches in which most of the roots are the same size. These
roots spread like a mat beneath the soil surface, and firmly anchor the plant to the ground.

Answer 78

Roots
Taproots
Long taproots
Thick taproots
Fibrous

Question 79

PLANT ORGANS (ROOTS)

Many plants have root adaptations with specialized functions. Some of them include the following:
• ___ roots – aerial roots of Hala trees support the tall, top-heavy trees which are found in sandy, unstable soils
• ____ roots – many plants store food and water in their roots; common beet
• ______ roots, such as those found on mangroves allow the root system to obtain oxygen which is lacking in
the thick mud of intertidal swamps
• ____roots - large, wide roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree. Typically, they are found in nutrient-poor tropical
forest soils that may not be very deep. They prevent the tree from falling over while also gathering more nutrients.
• ____ roots - aerial roots from tree branches that are sent down through the air. When they reach the ground,
these roots grow into the soil, thicken, and become additional “trunks.

Answer 79

Prop
Storage
Pneumatophores- air
Buttress
Strangling Aerial

Question 80

STEMS
____ often house a majority of the vascular system and can store food
or water
• ___ plants produce little or no wood. They are usually soft because they do not have many rigid xylem
cells. This plants may be monocots, such as corn, or dicots, such as beans, and most do not grow taller than two meters.stems are often green and may conduct photosynthesis
• Most plants with ___are dicots, such as many broadleaf trees or gymnosperms—pines or fir trees.
•

Answer 80

Stems
Herbaceous
Woody stems

Question 81

STEMS
The pattern of plant growth depends on the location of the meristems within the plant. Growth that increases a plant’s length—makes
stems grow taller or roots grow longer—is called ____ growth. This type of growth takes place in apical meristems found at the
ends of stems and roots. ____: growth adds to the width in the stems and roots of woody plants. Dicot trees, such as oak and maple, produce a lot of secondary growth over their lifetimes
• Some plants have stems with additional functions, such as food storage and asexual reproduction. These are examples of modified stems:
• ____ – horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface of the ground;vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds
• ____ – horizontal shoots that grow along the surface of the ground; “runners” allow asexual reproduction as plantlets form at nodes
• ____ - enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing carbohydrates; “eyes” of potatoes are clusters of axillary buds
• ____ – vertical underground shoots consisting of enlarged bases of leaves that store carbohydrate

Answer 81

Primary
Secondary
Rhizome
Stolon
Tubers
Bulbs

Question 82

LEAVES

____ have an outer covering of dermal tissue and an internal system of vascular tissue surrounded by ground
tissue. The dermal tissue of many leaves is covered by a waxy ___ that forms a water-resistant covering. The cuticle protects the inner tissues and limits evaporation from the plant. Between the two dermal layers of a leaf is parenchyma tissue called ___

Answer 82

Leaves
Cuticle
Mesophyll

Question 83

PARTS OF FLOWER
A flower has female and male parts. The male part of a flower is called the ____.
•The female part of a flower is called the ___or ___. A stamen is made up of two main parts, an anther, and a filament.
• The ___ produces pollen grains which contain the male gametes or sperm cells.
• This ___ holds the anther in position, making the pollen available for dispersal by wind, insects, or birds. • The ____, on the other hand, is generally shaped like a bowling pin and is in the flower’s center. It includes the stigma, style, and ovary. • The ___ is located at the top and is connected by the style to collect the pollen grains.
• The ___ supports the stigma anD connects it to the ovary.
•The ___contains the female gametes or the egg cells, which is located inside the ovules.Other non-reproductive or accessory parts of a flower are the sepals and the petals.
• ___are small, green, leaflike structures located at the base of a flower which protects the flower bud. Collectively, they are called __
• While ___are the colored portions of a flower. They may contain perfume to attract pollinators.
• Collectively, the petals are called ___. The petals and sepals are
called ___

Answer 83

Stamen
Pistil
Carpel
Anther
Filament
Pistil
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Sepals
Calyx
Petals
Corolla
Perianth

Question 84

PARTS OF FLOWER
To fuse these two gametes together, the male gametes must reach the female gametes through a process called ___ the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, either by wind or by pollinators. The flowers pollinated by insects, animals or birds often have brightly colored or patterned flowers that contain fragrance or nectar
• ___ occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower.
• ___ is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of
another flower on a different individual of the same species or the same kind. Cross-pollinated plants are usually more successful than
self-pollinated plants. So, more plants reproduce by cross-pollination than by self-pollination.
After pollination, ____ occurs

Answer 84

Pollination
Self pollination
Cross pollination
Fertilization

Question 85

PARTS OF FLOWER
These pollen grains
have two cells: the ___ cell and the ___ cell or the male
gametes.
• The ___ tube cell grows
into a pollen tube that travels through the style until it reaches the ovary. It makes a path for the two male gametes or two sperm cells leading them all the way to the ovules where the female gamete or egg cells are present
• As they get to the ovaries, the two sperm cells will undergo two different processes of fertilization. •One sperm fertilizes or
unites with the egg cell, forming a ___ . The other sperm will go and unite with the two polar nuclei, forming a ___ cell that develops into an ___, which is a tissue that provides nourishment to the embryo as it germinates. Together, these two
fertilization events in flowering plants are known as ___

Answer 85

Pollen tube
Generative cell
Diploid zygote
Triploid cell
Endosperm
Double fertilization

Question 86

SEED STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
A __ contains all the genetic information needed to develop into an entire plant. It is made up of three parts: the __ the ___, and the ___.
• The __is the hard outer covering that protects the seed from disease and insects.
• The __is a built-in food
supply, which can be made up of proteins, carbohydrates, or fats. And the ___ which is the miniature plant in a dormant or inactive state of development.

Answer 86

Seed
Seed coat
Endosperm
Embryo
Seed coat
Endosperm
Embryo

Question 87

FRUIT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
The rest of the fruit arises from the maternal plant and is genetically identical to it. The fruit primarily contains two parts: the __ and the __
•The ___is the outer wall of the ovary from which the fruit developed. The pericarp has three layers: the __,__ and __
• The __ is the outermost layer of the pericarp that forms the skin.
• The ___ is the thick, fleshy, and juicy middle layer, which is usually edible.
•Lastly, the ___ is the innermost layer of the fruit which encloses the seed/s.

Answer 87

Pericrap
Seed
Exocarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp

Question 88

FRUIT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

They can be classified as ___,
___, or ___.
• ___fruits develop from a single ovary of a single flower. They include fruits such as tomatoes, lemons, cucumber, and eggplant.
• ___ An aggregate fruit develops from a single flower with many
ovaries
• ___ Multiple fruits are derived from a tight cluster of separate,
independent flowers borne on a single structure. Each flower has
its own calyx and corolla. Pineapples and figs are examples.

Answer 88

Simple
Aggregate
Multiple
Simple
Aggregate fruits
Multiple fruits

Question 89

SEED GERMINATION
• The process by which different plant species grow from a single seed
into a plant is called ___
• During the primary stage of germination, the seeds take up water rapidly and this results in swelling and softening of the seed coat at
an exact temperature. This stage is referred to as ___. The seed activates and starts to respire and produce proteins. It also uses up the stored food (which is the endosperm). •The ___ or the embryonic root emerges to form a primary root to start absorbingwater underground. After the growth of the radicle, the ___ (embryonic shoot) starts to rise, which makes the shoot or the first
true leaves grow towards the sunlight.

Answer 89

Germination
Imbibition
Radicle
Plumule

Question 90

PLANT ADAPTATIONS
___ are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat.
• Adaptations to ___
Aquatic plants are plants that live in water. Many kinds of aquatic plants have its own distinct adaptive characteristics. These plants
may be either entirely floating or partially submerged. The water lily is an example of a floating plant.
• Adaptations to ___
Plants that live in extremely dry environments have the opposite problem, which is how to get and keep enough water. Plants that
are adapted to very dry environments are called ___.
• Adaptations to ___ that have no attachment to the ground are called air plants or ___ They usually grow on the surface of other plants and
absorbs nutrients from rain, air, or vapor.

Answer 90

Water
Extreme dryness
Xerophytes
Air
Epiphytes

Question 91

PLANT RESPONSES
___ move through a plant
from the place where they are produced to the place where they will trigger a response. Plant hormones are divided into several different types based on their functions.
• ____ are plant hormones that are produced in the growing roots and developing seeds, fruits, roots, and branches. They stimulate cytokinesis, which is the final stage of cell division. They are also involved in the growth of side branches. This
sideways growth is called lateral growth, which causes roots, seeds, and fruits to grow thicker.
• ____ are hormones that increase the size of stems and fruit. They are also responsible for the large size of many fruits and the rapid upward growth of some flower stalks. Grape growers often spray their vines with a gibberellin solution, which
makes the fruits grow larger and elongates the stems in the bunches, making room for more grapes

Answer 91

Hormones
Cytokinins
Gibberellins

Question 92

PLANT RESPONSES
• ___ is a plant hormone that causes ripening and is naturally produced by fruits. Say for example, when you put an apple in an airtight container for a day, and it will get soft and start to look rotten. The apple is being ripened abnormally fast by its
own production of ethylene.
• ___ are plant hormones involved in the lengthening of plant cells produced in the apical meristem or growing tip of the
plant. They stimulate cell elongation. Gardeners can use this property of auxins to control branching patterns by cutting offthe tip of a growing stem. With no growing tip, there is less auxin in the stem. In the same way, the lengthening of cells
triggered by auxins also controls some forms of tropism, the movement of a plant in response to an environmental stimulus

Answer 92

Ethylene
Auxins

Question 93

PLANT RESPONSES
•___show how plants respond to certain environmental stimuli such as light, touch, gravity, and seasonal changes. Each response demonstrates the ability of
plants to respond effectively to their habitat conditions.
• ____ - When light hits a plant stem, it causes auxins to build up on the shaded side. Remember that in a stem, auxins cause cell
elongation. Cell lengthening on the shaded side of a stem causes the
stem to bend toward the light. This tendency of a plant to grow
toward light is called phototropism. This picture specifically shows
that when plants grow towards the light, it is called ___phototropism while the roots growing away from light is ____phototropism
•

Answer 93

Tropism
Phototropism
Positive
Negative

Question 94

PLANT RESPONSES
• ___ - When a seed germinates underground, the root grows downward into the soil, and the shoot grows upward toward the soil surface. This up -and-down growth of a plant is called gravitropism because the plant is responding to Earth’s
gravitational pull. Auxins play a part in gravitropism. Root growth is stimulated by low levels of auxin. At the same time, high levels of auxin stimulate shoot growth, causes the stem to grow upward.
• ___ - Many plants also have a response to touch, called thigmotropism. This quality is apparent in climbing plants
and vines. Tendrils emerge from the leaf base of these plants and grow in coils around anything they touch. Plants are sensitive to many kinds of touch-like stimuli. An example are the vines and climbing plants growing around a house or fence
are attracted to the feel of the object. On the other hand, the folding movement of Mimosa pudica or makahiya plant is called
thigmonasty or seismonasty.
• ___ - is another example of tropism where plants take signals from the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year. It is responsible for the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and growth.

Answer 94

Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Photoperiodism

Question 95

PLANT RESPONSES
• Plants that flower when the period of light during the day is short is called ___ plants.
• plants that flower when the period
of light during the day is long is called ___ plants. These plants will traditionally not flower during the winter and autumn months when night lengths are long.
• ___ - a period during which an organism’s growth and activity is decreased or stopped.

Answer 95

Short-day
Long-day
Winter-dormancy

Question 96

THE HUMAN BODY
Our body is organized in several levels.It is composed of four types of tissues:
1. ___ are the most abundant tissue and controls the internal movement digestion, blood through veins and the external movement of the body; (2) ____ are the covering of our body, and can be also found in the linings
of organs and vessels;
(3) ___ tissues are the ligaments and tendons and hold organs in place;
(4) ___ tissues receive
messages from body’s internal and external messages, analyzes the data and provides a direct response.

Answer 96

Muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue

Question 97

THE HUMAN BODY
Human body is composed of 11 organ system that maintain homeostasis.
•___ System - delivers oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ system in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration.
• ___ System - coordinate’s the body’s
response to changes in its internal and external environment.
• ___ System - provides the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide.
• ___ System - converts food particles into simpler micro molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body.
• ___ System - removes infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body.
• ___ System - for temperature
regulation, waste removal, sensory
information, and protection.
• ___ System - controls growth,
development, metabolism and reproduction through production and secretion of hormones.
• ___ System - secretes the body wastes including excess water and salts.
• ___ System - provides structure and support to the human body.
• ___ System - produces, matures,
nourishes, and stores gametes.
• ___ System - works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through
the human body

Answer 97

Circulatory
Nervous
Respiratory
Digestive
Lymphatic/ immune
Integumentary
Endocrine
Excretory
Skeletal
Reproductive
Muscular

Question 98

MOST COMMON DISEASES
1.___ Disease or coronary heart disease is the deadliest disease in the world. It occurs when the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart become narrowed. If left untreated, it can lead to chest pain, heart failure and arrhythmias.
2. ___ occurs when an artery in our brain in blocked or leaks. This causes the oxygen-deprived brain cells to begin dying within minutes. During a stroke, you can feel the sudden numbness and confusion or have trouble walking and seeing. If this is left untreated, it can cause long-term disability

Answer 98

Ischemic heart disease
Stroke

Question 99

MOST COMMON DISEASES
• ___ is an infection in the airways and lungs. It can be due to influenza (flu), pneumonia, bronchitis, or tuberculosis. Viruses and bacteria can cause this kind disease. Coughing is the main symptom of a lower respiratory infection. A person can also experience breathlessness, wheezing, and a tight feeling in the chest. If left untreated, it can lead to breathing disorder and death.
• ___ (COPD) is a long-term, progressive lung disease that makes breathing difficult. Chronic
bronchitis and emphysema are types of COPD.
• ___ include cancers of the trachea, larynx, bronchus, and lungs. The main causes of it are smoking, secondhand smoke, and environmental toxins. Household pollution like fuels and mold can also contribute.This disease can affect anyone

Answer 99

Lower respiratory infection.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
Respiratory cancers

Question 100

MOST COMMON DISEASES
•___ is a group of diseases that affect insulin production and use. There are two types of diabetes: Type I diabetes, in which the pancreas fails to produce insulin; and Type II diabetes, wherein the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the insulin can’t be used effectively. The latter is caused by a number of factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and being overweight
•___ Disease and other DementiasAlzheimer’s or dementia is usually attributed to memory loss, but we don’t usually think of it as a loss of life. This disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and interrupts normal mental functions, including thinking, reasoning, and typical behavior.
•___ Disease If you’ve experienced three or more loose stools in a day, then we can call that as a diarrhea. If it lasts for more than a few days, your body loses too much water and salt and causes dehydration that can lead to death. This disease is usually caused by an intestinal virus or bacteria transmitted through contaminated water or food. It is particularly widespread in developing nations with poor sanitary conditions

Answer 100

Diabetes mellitus
Alzheimer’s disease
Dehydration due to diarrheal disease

Question 101

MOST COMMON DISEASES
•___ is a lung condition by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is treatable airborne bacterium, but some strains are resistant to conventional treatment. This disease is one of the top causes of death in people who have HIV.Its risk factors consist of: diabetes; HIV infection; a lower body weight; proximity to others with TB; and regular use of certain medications like corticosteroids or drugs that suppress the immune system.
•___ Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is the result of chronic or long-term scarring and damage to
the liver. The damage may be the result of kidney disease, or it can be
caused by conditions like hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. A healthy
liver filters harmful substance from your blood and sends healthy blood
into your body. As substances damage the liver, scar tissue forms. As more scar tissue forms, the liver has to work harder to function
properly

Answer 101

Tuberculosis
Cirrhosis

Question 102

COMMON GENETIC DISORDERS
A ___ disorder is the result of genetic abnormalities such as gene mutation or additional chromosomes.
1. ____ Originally, our nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes but for the individuals with Down syndrome, the 21st chromosome is copied an extra time in all or some cells. Test such as prenatal screening (blood test) can detect the quantities of chromosomal material and
other substances in a mother’s blood. It can determine whether or not a child will be born with Down syndrome. If a person is
diagnosed with Down syndrome, they may exhibit varying levels of mild to severe cognitive delays, aside from that it also includes higher disposition for congenital heart defects, low muscle tone, smaller physical stature, and an upward slant to the eye.
2. ___ is a family of hereditary genetics conditions that limits the amount of hemoglobin an individual can naturally produce. It
inhibits the oxygen flow throughout the body.The disease
usually comes with severe anemia which may require
specialized care, such as regular blood transfusions and
chelation therapy

Answer 102

Genetic disorder
Down syndrome
Thalassemia

Question 103

COMMON GENETIC DISORDERS
3. ___ is a chronic genetic condition that causes patients to produce thick and sticky mucus, inhibiting their
respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems.
4.___ It is caused by a chromosomal defect similar to that of Down Syndrome, which is found in chromosome no. 15 and the disorder is irreversibly fatal when found in children. It gradually destroys the nervous system, frequently resulting in death by age of five while adults can also be diagnosed with Late-Onset Tay-Sachs disease, which causes a manageable level of diminished cognitive ability.
5. ___ Sickle cell disease is a lifelong genetic condition that may be inherited when the sickle cell trait is passed down by both parents to their children The disease causes red blood cells to change from their usual donut shape to a sickle
shape and causes the cells to clump together and become caught in blood vessels, triggering severe pain and serious complications
such as infections, organ damage, and acute respiratory syndrome

Answer 103

Cystic fibrosis
Tay-Sachs disease
Sickle cell anemia

Question 104

LAST
•___ is one of the most important aspects of community well-being because it protects human health, extends life spans, and is documented to provide benefits to the economy. It is deployed as a way to contain and/or treat human health and the environment.
•___ A good personal hygiene includes washing the body regularly, cleaning the teeth at least once a day or much preferably every after
meal, washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week, washing hands with soap after going to the toilet and before food
preparation
• ___ Practices Safe practices and healthy choices at work, home, and play can prevent many injuries, illnesses, diseases, and deaths.

Answer 104

Sanitation and hygiene
Personal hygiene
Basic first aid practices

Question 105

LAST
•___ of Providing First Aid
If you decided to help an ill or injured person, you must not leave them until someone with equal or more emergency training takes
over - unless of course, it becomes dangerous for you to stay.
• ___ of Providing First AidBoth the victim and first aid provider may suffer emotional distress during and even after a traumatic incident
•___ The risk of getting the disease while giving first aid is very low, but we should still protect ourselves while we are providing first aid
care. You can use personal protective equipment (PPE) to provide a barrier
between you and a victim’s blood or body fluid.

Answer 105

Legal aspects
Emotional aspects
Infectious diseases

Question 106

Types of Chromosome According to Position of Centromere (4)

Answer 106

Telocentric
Acrocentric
Sub-metacentric
Metacentric