BIOLOGY LECTURE 2

Question 1

Immunity

Answer 1

condition where the body is protected from various threats, like pathogens, toxins, and cancer cells

Question 2

Antigen

Answer 2

any molecule that stimulates an immune response; can be a bacterium, a protein on the surface of a virus, etc.

Question 3

How many types of immunity is there?

Answer 3

two

Question 4

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 4

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

Question 5

Innate immunity

Answer 5

mechanisms are fully functional WITHOUT previous exposure to antigens (takes a few hours to occur)

Question 6

Adaptive immunity

Answer 6

initiated and amplified after specific recognition of antigens (takes days to occur)

Question 7

Lymphoid organs

Answer 7

contain large numbers of lymphocytes; primary lymphoid organs and secondary lymphoid organs

Question 8

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 8

red bone marrow and thymus; lymphocytes develop and mature here

Question 9

Secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 9

lymph nodes and spleen; lymphocytes become active here, as they are exposed to foreign molecules/cells

Question 10

Lymphocyte

Answer 10

a type of white blood cells (WBC); consist of B-cells and T-cells

Question 11

B-cells

Answer 11

produce antibodies to attack foreign invaders; made AND mature in bone marrow

Question 12

T-cells

Answer 12

direct fighters of foreign invaders and help to activate other parts of your immune system; made in bone marrow BUT mature in thymus

Question 13

Red bone marrow

Answer 13

primary lymphoid organ; contains stem cells that can produce RBC and some WBC; ALL lymphocytes begin development here

Question 14

Stem cells

Answer 14

a kind of cell that is capable of becoming any kind of specialized cell in the body (e.g., can become a RBC, a macrophage, etc.)

Question 15

Thymus

Answer 15

primary lymphoid organ; located in the thoracic cavity between your sternum and the trachea; grows largest around puberty, shrinks as we age; filled with T-cells, which MATURE here

Question 16

Where does the “T” in “T-cells” come from?

Answer 16

thymus

Question 17

What percent of T-cells actually leave the thymus to fight foreign invaders?

Answer 17

5%

Question 18

What are the two possibilities of maturing T-cells in the thymus?

Answer 18

1. T-cells respond to your own cells
2. T-cells respond only to foreign cells

Question 19

What happens when T-cells respond to your own cells?

Answer 19

they die via apoptosis

Question 20

What happens when T-cells respond only to foreign cells?

Answer 20

they survive and leave the thymus

Question 21

Apoptosis

Answer 21

cell “death”

Question 22

Spleen

Answer 22

secondary lymphoid organ; located behind your stomach; contains red AND white pulp

Question 23

Red pulp

Answer 23

macrophages remove old and defective RBC

Question 24

White pulp

Answer 24

lymphocytes detect and react to foreign invaders

Question 25

Lymph nodes

Answer 25

secondary lymphoid organ; small, ovoid shaped structures where lymph fluid passes through; each of these is packed with B and T-cells

Question 26

Lymph

Answer 26

colorless fluid that contains WBC

Question 27

What happens if you have swollen lymph nodes?

Answer 27

you most likely have an infection

Question 28

Components of the innate immune response

Answer 28

physical and chemical barriers inflammatory responses phagocytes natural killer (NK) cells complement

Question 29

Taxonomy

Answer 29

the discipline of identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules

Question 30

Systematics

Answer 30

the study of evolutionary relationships between species

Question 31

Taxa

Answer 31

basic classification categories

Question 32

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Answer 32

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Sex

Question 33

Domain

Answer 33

largest (and most inclusive) classification category; there are three domains

Question 34

What are the three domains?

Answer 34

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 35

Which two domains are prokaryotic (single-celled)?

Answer 35

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 36

Which domain possesses membrane-bound organelles and nuclei?

Answer 36

Eukarya

Question 37

Who discovered the third domain, Archaea?

Answer 37

Carl Woese

Question 38

What are the four kingdoms within Domain Eukarya?

Answer 38

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 39

Protista (protists)

Answer 39

can be single-celled or multicellular; some can photosynthesize to make their food, or they must get it from the environment

Question 40

What are some examples of Protista?

Answer 40

algae, Paramecium, diatoms

Question 41

Which three kingdoms of Domain Eukarya evolved from Protista?

Answer 41

Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 42

Fungi (fungi)

Answer 42

familiar mushrooms and mold; helps us DECOMPOSE dead organisms (how they eat)

Question 43

Plantae (plants)

Answer 43

multicellular; photosynthetic

Question 44

Animalia (animals)

Answer 44

multicellular; must ingest and process food

Question 45

Conservation

Answer 45

an interdisciplinary science with the main goal of preserving and protecting biodiversity and the Earth's natural resources

Question 46

4 ethical principles of conservation biology

Answer 46

1. biodiversity is desirable 2. extinctions are undesirable 3. maintenance of complex interactions is desirable 4. biodiversity has essential value

Question 47

Biodiversity

Answer 47

variety of life on earth

Question 48

Approximately how many different species are on the planet?

Answer 48

~8.7 million

Question 49

Endangered species

Answer 49

faces immediate extinction throughout all or most of its range

Question 50

Threatened species

Answer 50

likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future