Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Will K. > BIOLOGY LECTURE 2 > Flashcards

BIOLOGY LECTURE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

condition where the body is protected from various threats, like pathogens, toxins, and cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Antigen

A

any molecule that stimulates an immune response; can be a bacterium, a protein on the surface of a virus, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many types of immunity is there?

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Innate immunity

A

mechanisms are fully functional WITHOUT previous exposure to antigens (takes a few hours to occur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

initiated and amplified after specific recognition of antigens (takes days to occur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

contain large numbers of lymphocytes; primary lymphoid organs and secondary lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

red bone marrow and thymus; lymphocytes develop and mature here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes and spleen; lymphocytes become active here, as they are exposed to foreign molecules/cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lymphocyte

A

a type of white blood cells (WBC); consist of B-cells and T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

B-cells

A

produce antibodies to attack foreign invaders; made AND mature in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T-cells

A

direct fighters of foreign invaders and help to activate other parts of your immune system; made in bone marrow BUT mature in thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Red bone marrow

A

primary lymphoid organ; contains stem cells that can produce RBC and some WBC; ALL lymphocytes begin development here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stem cells

A

a kind of cell that is capable of becoming any kind of specialized cell in the body (e.g., can become a RBC, a macrophage, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thymus

A

primary lymphoid organ; located in the thoracic cavity between your sternum and the trachea; grows largest around puberty, shrinks as we age; filled with T-cells, which MATURE here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the “T” in “T-cells” come from?

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What percent of T-cells actually leave the thymus to fight foreign invaders?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two possibilities of maturing T-cells in the thymus?

A
  1. T-cells respond to your own cells
  2. T-cells respond only to foreign cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens when T-cells respond to your own cells?

A

they die via apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens when T-cells respond only to foreign cells?

A

they survive and leave the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell “death”

22
Q

Spleen

A

secondary lymphoid organ; located behind your stomach; contains red AND white pulp

23
Q

Red pulp

A

macrophages remove old and defective RBC

24
Q

White pulp

A

lymphocytes detect and react to foreign invaders

25
Q

Lymph nodes

A

secondary lymphoid organ; small, ovoid shaped structures where lymph fluid passes through; each of these is packed with B and T-cells

26
Q

Lymph

A

colorless fluid that contains WBC

27
Q

What happens if you have swollen lymph nodes?

A

you most likely have an infection

28
Q

Components of the innate immune response

A

physical and chemical barriers
inflammatory responses
phagocytes
natural killer (NK) cells
complement

29
Q

Taxonomy

A

the discipline of identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules

30
Q

Systematics

A

the study of evolutionary relationships between species

31
Q

Taxa

A

basic classification categories

32
Q

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

A

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Sex

33
Q

Domain

A

largest (and most inclusive) classification category; there are three domains

34
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

35
Q

Which two domains are prokaryotic (single-celled)?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

36
Q

Which domain possesses membrane-bound organelles and nuclei?

A

Eukarya

37
Q

Who discovered the third domain, Archaea?

A

Carl Woese

38
Q

What are the four kingdoms within Domain Eukarya?

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

39
Q

Protista (protists)

A

can be single-celled or multicellular; some can photosynthesize to make their food, or they must get it from the environment

40
Q

What are some examples of Protista?

A

algae, Paramecium, diatoms

41
Q

Which three kingdoms of Domain Eukarya evolved from Protista?

A

Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

42
Q

Fungi (fungi)

A

familiar mushrooms and mold; helps us DECOMPOSE dead organisms (how they eat)

43
Q

Plantae (plants)

A

multicellular; photosynthetic

44
Q

Animalia (animals)

A

multicellular; must ingest and process food

45
Q

Conservation

A

an interdisciplinary science with the main goal of preserving and protecting biodiversity and the Earth’s natural resources

46
Q

4 ethical principles of conservation biology

A
  1. biodiversity is desirable
  2. extinctions are undesirable
  3. maintenance of complex interactions is desirable
  4. biodiversity has essential value
47
Q

Biodiversity

A

variety of life on earth

48
Q

Approximately how many different species are on the planet?

A

~8.7 million

49
Q

Endangered species

A

faces immediate extinction throughout all or most of its range

50
Q

Threatened species

A

likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

Will K. (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions