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Will K. > BIOLOGY LECTURE > Flashcards

BIOLOGY LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Requirements for life

A
  1. must be organized
  2. requires materials and energy
  3. requires the ability to reproduce and develop
  4. capability to respond to environment
  5. maintain an internal environment
  6. ability to adapt to environments
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2
Q

Organization

A

biological systems must be organized; hierarchical; atom (smallest unit of an element) –> population (organisms of the same species within an area)

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3
Q

Materials and energy

A

we need energy to survive and maintain our organ systems; plants make their own by using CO2, H20, and sunlight; humans must acquire materials and energy by eating food from their environment

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4
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work

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5
Q

Sun

A

the ultimate energy source for all life on Earth

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6
Q

Chemical cycling

A

PRODUCERS (plants) take in solar energy and inorganic nutrients to make organic nutrients via photosynthesis; these organic nutrients are taken up by CONSUMERS (e.g., humans, mammals); death and decomposition of organisms allows for inorganic nutrients to be returned to the producers again (DECOMPOSERS)

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7
Q

Energy flow

A

sun –> plants –> other organisms –> returns to atmosphere as heat

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8
Q

Reproduction and development

A

“life only comes from life”; making another organism like themselves; genes passed on to next generation; ensures that offspring has a set of new and different characteristics

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9
Q

Mutations

A

provide for some variation in genetic information; not all are bad–allows for evolution

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10
Q

Environmental responses

A

we rely on information that we receive and perceive from the environment (stimuli); EX: when you put a plant by a window, hormones within the plant detect sunlight, allowing the plant to bend toward the sun

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11
Q

Maintenance of internal environment

A

Cells, your body, must be stable; this tendency toward a stable environment is called homeostasis; EX: body temperature, hunger

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12
Q

Adaptation

A

environments can change quickly or over long periods of time; organisms must adapt to survive; when an organism becomes more suited for a new environment, it is believed to have adapted to that environment; live longer and produce more offspring (natural selection)

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13
Q

Taxonomy

A

discipline of identifying and grouping organisms

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14
Q

Systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships between species

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15
Q

Taxa

A

basic classification strategies; domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species; “Dear King Philip Came Over For Great Sex”

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16
Q

Three domains of life

A

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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17
Q

Genus

A

first word; always capitalized

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18
Q

Specific epipthet

A

second word; always lowercased

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19
Q

When writing…

A

organism names are always underlined

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19
Q

When typing…

A

organism names are always italicized

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20
Q

Global warming

A

increase in CO2 and other gases in the atmosphere absorb and radiate heat back to Earth via the greenhouse effect

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20
Q

Biodiversity

A

total number and relative abundance of a species, gene variability, and different ecosystems in which they live

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21
Q

Extinction

A

death of a species

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22
Q

Anthropogenic

A

human-caused effects

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23
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
made some of the earliest microscopes
24
Robert Hooke
confirmed Leeuwenhoek's findings; coined the term "cell"
25
Cell theory
all organisms are made up of basic living units (cells); all cells come from previously existing cells
26
Prokaryotic cells
lack membrane-bound nucleus (include bacteria and archaea)
27
Eukaryotic cells
membrane-bound nuclei that contain genetic info (include plants, fungi animals and protists); possession of nucleus; some protists have cell walls; organelles
28
Plasma membrane
found across all three major domains of life; made of a phospholipid bilayer; hydrophobic tails; hydrophilic heads; separates contents of cell from surrounding environment; regulates molecule passage; can be fluid or restrictive
29
Organelles
any well-defined subcellular structure that performs a particular function
30
Animal cell anatomy
cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
31
Cytoskeleton
maintains cell shape and movement of cell parts
32
Cytoplasm
semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles
33
Nucleus
"brain" of cell that contains genetic material
34
Endoplasmic reticulum
rough--has ribosomes; processes proteins; smooth--doesn’t have ribosomes; makes lipids
35
Mitochondria
carries out respiration and makes ATP (energy)
36
Golgi apparatus
processes, packages, and secretes cell products
37
Lysosome
vesicle that digests macromolecules
38
Endosymbiotic theory
proposed by Lynn Margulis that a prokaryotic cell entered a host cell, and then they began to live together in symbiosis; explains origins of mitochondria, chloroplasts and internal membranes of eukaryotic cells; proposes that a chloroplast used to be a photosynthetic bacterium (called Cyanobacteria)
39
Lynn Margulis
proposed endosymbiotic theory
40
Homeostasis
maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment by an organism, or even a single cell
41
T/F: the internal state of the body is constant, not dynamic.
False
42
Disease
abnormality in body's normal processes that significantly impairs homeostasis
43
Two components of homeostatic mechanisms
negative and positive feedback
44
Sensor/receptor
detects change in internal conditions
45
Control center
directs the response to bring conditions back to normal; once normal, the sensor is no longer activated
46
Effector
organ/tissue that receives the information from the control center and acts to bring about change(s) to maintain homeostasis
47
Negative feedback
primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable as close as it can to a particular value
48
Non-biological example of negative feedback
air conditioning
49
Biological examples of negative feedback
body temperature regulation; blood sugar regulation
50
Positive feedback
mechanisms that bring about rapid change in the same direction as the stimulus
51
Biological examples of positive feedback
blood clotting; birth
52
Genetics
Process of inheritance and explanation of variation(s) between offspring from one generation to the next
53
What is genetics important for?
agriculture, breeding animals, and medicine
54
Gregor Mendel
Austrian monk who developed the basic principles of inheritance in the 1860s; parents were farmers; had easy access to his experimental organism (PEA PLANT)
55
What did Gregor Mendel conclude from his experiments?
the parental generation transmits distinct factors to the offspring
56
How are chromosomes found?
in pairs (homologous chromosomes)
57
Genes
distinct sequences of nucleotides (ACTGs) that encode RNA that ultimately determines a particular characteristic within offspring
58
Alleles
alternate forms of a gene
59
Loci
locations on a chromosome
60
Phenotype
an individual's physical appearance; EX: hair color, microscopic or metabolic characteristics
61
Genotype
alleles that chromosomes carry that are responsible for a particular trait
62
In humans, how many alleles are their for each trait?
two; one on each member of the homologous pair
63
Dominant allele
an allele that can mask the expression of a recessive allele when placed together in the same organism
64
Recessive allele
an allele that is masked by dominant alleles; only expressed when there are two recessive alleles together in the same organism
65
Homozygous
two members of allelic pair that are the SAME
66
Heterozygous
two members of allelic pair that are DIFFERENT
67
Punnett squares
a way to visualize crosses between parental generation and potential traits expressed by offspring
68
The sum of rule probability
states that the chance of an event that can occur in more than one way is the sum of the individual chances
69
T/F: the environment that you live in can affect your genetics
True
70
Examples of environmental factors
nutrition, diet, temperature
71
The laws of independent assortment
states that the gametes will receive any and all possible combinations from the parent
72
Two main genetic disorder types
autosomal recessive; autosomal dominant
73
Autosomal recessive
two recessive alleles required for disease to occur
74
Autosomal dominant
only one dominant allele is necessary for disease to be displayed
75
Incomplete dominance
heterozygote is intermediate between 2 homozygotes (EX: having wavy hair)
76
Codominance
alleles equally expressed in a heterozygote (EX: having AB type blood)
77
Examples of autosomal recessive disorders
cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease
78
Examples of autosomal dominant disorders
sickle-cell disease, Marfan syndrome, Huntington's disease

Will K. (10 decks)

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