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Will K. > BIOLOGY LECTURE > Flashcards

BIOLOGY LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Requirements for life

A
  1. must be organized
  2. requires materials and energy
  3. requires the ability to reproduce and develop
  4. capability to respond to environment
  5. maintain an internal environment
  6. ability to adapt to environments
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2
Q

Organization

A

biological systems must be organized; hierarchical; atom (smallest unit of an element) –> population (organisms of the same species within an area)

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3
Q

Materials and energy

A

we need energy to survive and maintain our organ systems; plants make their own by using CO2, H20, and sunlight; humans must acquire materials and energy by eating food from their environment

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4
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work

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5
Q

Sun

A

the ultimate energy source for all life on Earth

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6
Q

Chemical cycling

A

PRODUCERS (plants) take in solar energy and inorganic nutrients to make organic nutrients via photosynthesis; these organic nutrients are taken up by CONSUMERS (e.g., humans, mammals); death and decomposition of organisms allows for inorganic nutrients to be returned to the producers again (DECOMPOSERS)

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7
Q

Energy flow

A

sun –> plants –> other organisms –> returns to atmosphere as heat

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8
Q

Reproduction and development

A

“life only comes from life”; making another organism like themselves; genes passed on to next generation; ensures that offspring has a set of new and different characteristics

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9
Q

Mutations

A

provide for some variation in genetic information; not all are bad–allows for evolution

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10
Q

Environmental responses

A

we rely on information that we receive and perceive from the environment (stimuli); EX: when you put a plant by a window, hormones within the plant detect sunlight, allowing the plant to bend toward the sun

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11
Q

Maintenance of internal environment

A

Cells, your body, must be stable; this tendency toward a stable environment is called homeostasis; EX: body temperature, hunger

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12
Q

Adaptation

A

environments can change quickly or over long periods of time; organisms must adapt to survive; when an organism becomes more suited for a new environment, it is believed to have adapted to that environment; live longer and produce more offspring (natural selection)

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13
Q

Taxonomy

A

discipline of identifying and grouping organisms

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14
Q

Systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships between species

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15
Q

Taxa

A

basic classification strategies; domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species; “Dear King Philip Came Over For Great Sex”

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16
Q

Three domains of life

A

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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17
Q

Genus

A

first word; always capitalized

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18
Q

Specific epipthet

A

second word; always lowercased

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19
Q

When writing…

A

organism names are always underlined

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19
Q

When typing…

A

organism names are always italicized

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20
Q

Global warming

A

increase in CO2 and other gases in the atmosphere absorb and radiate heat back to Earth via the greenhouse effect

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20
Q

Biodiversity

A

total number and relative abundance of a species, gene variability, and different ecosystems in which they live

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21
Q

Extinction

A

death of a species

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22
Q

Anthropogenic

A

human-caused effects

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23
Q

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

A

made some of the earliest microscopes

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24
Q

Robert Hooke

A

confirmed Leeuwenhoek’s findings; coined the term “cell”

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25
Q

Cell theory

A

all organisms are made up of basic living units (cells); all cells come from previously existing cells

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26
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

lack membrane-bound nucleus (include bacteria and archaea)

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27
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

membrane-bound nuclei that contain genetic info (include plants, fungi animals and protists); possession of nucleus; some protists have cell walls; organelles

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28
Q

Plasma membrane

A

found across all three major domains of life; made of a phospholipid bilayer; hydrophobic tails; hydrophilic heads; separates contents of cell from surrounding environment; regulates molecule passage; can be fluid or restrictive

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29
Q

Organelles

A

any well-defined subcellular structure that performs a particular function

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30
Q

Animal cell anatomy

A

cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

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31
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

maintains cell shape and movement of cell parts

32
Q

Cytoplasm

A

semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles

33
Q

Nucleus

A

“brain” of cell that contains genetic material

34
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough–has ribosomes; processes proteins; smooth–doesn’t have ribosomes; makes lipids

35
Q

Mitochondria

A

carries out respiration and makes ATP (energy)

36
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

processes, packages, and secretes cell products

37
Q

Lysosome

A

vesicle that digests macromolecules

38
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

proposed by Lynn Margulis that a prokaryotic cell entered a host cell, and then they began to live together in symbiosis; explains origins of mitochondria, chloroplasts and internal membranes of eukaryotic cells; proposes that a chloroplast used to be a photosynthetic bacterium (called Cyanobacteria)

39
Q

Lynn Margulis

A

proposed endosymbiotic theory

40
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment by an organism, or even a single cell

41
Q

T/F: the internal state of the body is constant, not dynamic.

A

False

42
Q

Disease

A

abnormality in body’s normal processes that significantly impairs homeostasis

43
Q

Two components of homeostatic mechanisms

A

negative and positive feedback

44
Q

Sensor/receptor

A

detects change in internal conditions

45
Q

Control center

A

directs the response to bring conditions back to normal; once normal, the sensor is no longer activated

46
Q

Effector

A

organ/tissue that receives the information from the control center and acts to bring about change(s) to maintain homeostasis

47
Q

Negative feedback

A

primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable as close as it can to a particular value

48
Q

Non-biological example of negative feedback

A

air conditioning

49
Q

Biological examples of negative feedback

A

body temperature regulation; blood sugar regulation

50
Q

Positive feedback

A

mechanisms that bring about rapid change in the same direction as the stimulus

51
Q

Biological examples of positive feedback

A

blood clotting; birth

52
Q

Genetics

A

Process of inheritance and explanation of variation(s) between offspring from one generation to the next

53
Q

What is genetics important for?

A

agriculture, breeding animals, and medicine

54
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Austrian monk who developed the basic principles of inheritance in the 1860s; parents were farmers; had easy access to his experimental organism (PEA PLANT)

55
Q

What did Gregor Mendel conclude from his experiments?

A

the parental generation transmits distinct factors to the offspring

56
Q

How are chromosomes found?

A

in pairs (homologous chromosomes)

57
Q

Genes

A

distinct sequences of nucleotides (ACTGs) that encode RNA that ultimately determines a particular characteristic within offspring

58
Q

Alleles

A

alternate forms of a gene

59
Q

Loci

A

locations on a chromosome

60
Q

Phenotype

A

an individual’s physical appearance; EX: hair color, microscopic or metabolic characteristics

61
Q

Genotype

A

alleles that chromosomes carry that are responsible for a particular trait

62
Q

In humans, how many alleles are their for each trait?

A

two; one on each member of the homologous pair

63
Q

Dominant allele

A

an allele that can mask the expression of a recessive allele when placed together in the same organism

64
Q

Recessive allele

A

an allele that is masked by dominant alleles; only expressed when there are two recessive alleles together in the same organism

65
Q

Homozygous

A

two members of allelic pair that are the SAME

66
Q

Heterozygous

A

two members of allelic pair that are DIFFERENT

67
Q

Punnett squares

A

a way to visualize crosses between parental generation and potential traits expressed by offspring

68
Q

The sum of rule probability

A

states that the chance of an event that can occur in more than one way is the sum of the individual chances

69
Q

T/F: the environment that you live in can affect your genetics

A

True

70
Q

Examples of environmental factors

A

nutrition, diet, temperature

71
Q

The laws of independent assortment

A

states that the gametes will receive any and all possible combinations from the parent

72
Q

Two main genetic disorder types

A

autosomal recessive; autosomal dominant

73
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

two recessive alleles required for disease to occur

74
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

only one dominant allele is necessary for disease to be displayed

75
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

heterozygote is intermediate between 2 homozygotes (EX: having wavy hair)

76
Q

Codominance

A

alleles equally expressed in a heterozygote (EX: having AB type blood)

77
Q

Examples of autosomal recessive disorders

A

cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease

78
Q

Examples of autosomal dominant disorders

A

sickle-cell disease, Marfan syndrome, Huntington’s disease

Will K. (10 decks)

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