Biology (Lecture 03-04) Flashcards
What kind of molecule is water and what are the 4 roles h bonding/water play in the world
Water is a polar molecule with a slight negative and positive charge. Water/ h bonding play a role in solvents, cohesion, specific heat capacity, and floating ice on liquid H2O
What is Cohesion? Give an example. How does cohesion play into capillary action? What is Capillary Action?
Cohesion are water molecules (the hydrogen bonds in the water) sticking together which creates this surface tension, so if a subject is light enough it can float. i.e spiders walking on water. Capillary Action is the ability of water to move in a upwards straw- like motion to reach the leaves in trees. Due to cohesion and the hydrogen bonds sticking to each other, capillary action is able to happen when the water to stick to the stem and move upwards despite gravity.
What is Specific Heat? How does it apply to water?
Specific Heat is the measure of the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of anything by one Celsius. Water has a high specific heat capacity because when energy/heat enters water, most of that energy is being used to first disrupt the h bonding in the water. Once it is broken kinetic energy can now increase (meaning water can now get hot). Yet, since the h bonds in a water molecule resist being broken apart, this allows water to have a relatively high specific heat capacity. When water absorbs heat it has to break the h bonds when it releases heat it forms h bonds.
How does h-bonding have a role in Floating Ice on Liquid H2O? And how does this affect marine life?
When water is in liquid form the h bonding brings these molecules together more than when water freezes. As water freezes the h bonds would spread out more allowing it to be less dense. This is what causes ice to float. This floating ice preserves marine life because it creates this shield and keeps the liquid water, water.
What is water? What is the Sphere of Hydration and how do we see that in real world examples?
Water is a good solvent because water can make h bonds within itself. The sphere of hydration is where water surrounds each ion it is attracted to. The water molecule breaks the bond of this once ion. This is what happens when something dissolves. I.e when sugar(NaCl) is in water, the H in the H2O molecule starts surrounding the Cl and the H in the H2O molecule surrounds the Na. This breaks sugar down.
What can water molecules do ? making them what?
Water molecules (Rarely) can have an H bond jump from one molecule to another. This could make H3O an acid and OH a base. H3O+OH are highly reactive
What does the ph scale measure? Explain the correlation between a high ph and the concentration of [H]+
Ph measures the level of acidity, where 14 is basic, 0 is acidic, and 7 is neutral. The higher the ph the more basic it is. High [H]+ proton concentration causes causes a lower ph while a lower [h]+ concentration creates a higher ph level.
What is Amphipathic? Example. What is hydrophobic/philic? What do polar things like/hate?
Amphipathic is where a matter has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end which bridges the gap between hydrophobic and hydrophilic things. (i.e soap) Hydrophobic is water hating and hydrophilic is water loving. Polar things are hydrophilic and nonpolar things are hydrophobic. Polar like similar polar things and nonpolar like similar nonpolar things. Nonpolar and polar do NOT mix.
What are four ways a Carbon Skeleton can vary?
- Length. When you start adding multiple lengths to carbon making it longer
- Branching the carbon bon chains can create and change the shape of carbon backbones
- Double Bond Position. The creation of double bonds in these carbon bonds can give rise to differing properties
- Presence of rings. The rings in a carbon bond being arranges. One can make single/double bonds into rings.
What differentiates Estradiol and Testosterone? And what are the two?
Estradiol has an OH at the end of the ring while Testosterone has a double bond O at the end of the rings. Both ends (O) and (OH) are functional groups. Estradiol is a female hormone while testosterone is a male hormone.
What are macromolecules? Which of the four main molecules of life are macromolecules?
Macromolecules are polymers built from monomers. 4 main molecules of life are nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Lipids are not macromolecules so they are not true polymers. However, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates are ALL macromolecules making them ALL polymers.
Dehydration v Hydration reaction. what is it? what happens when those two things happen?
Dehydration reaction is where a monomer is being linked to a chain of already linked polymers. While a hydration reaction is where you are breaking a polymer link. In a dehydration reaction H2O is being released and a hydration/Hydrolysis reaction id when H2O is being added to break polymer
