biology green pen paper 2 Flashcards
describe the induced fit model on enzyme action
before reaction enzyme does not fit substrate, shape of active site changes as substrate binds as ES complexes form
how to produce calibration curve of colorimeter reading against concentration
-make maltose solution of known concentration
-use colorimeter to measure the value of each solution and plot calibration curve
-find concentration of sample from calibration curve
why do we use log graph
large scale of values can fit on the graph
explain two features of gills that allow efficient gas exchange
-lots of gill filaments to increase the surface area increasing the rate of gas exchange
-countercurrent, keeps steep diffusion gradient
explain why the zoologist measured oxygen uptake per gram of body mass
allows for comparisons, animals differ in size and mass
explain why mackeral swim faster than toadfish
thickness of markerel 5 toadfish 35
lammae per mm of gill length: mackerel 32 toadfish 8
larger number of lamallae in comparison which increases surface area
lamallae are thin so short diffusion pathway and higher rate of diffusion
what does standard deviation show
shows spread in data around the mean
generic answers for doesnt support conclusion
negative correlation, only one species studied, other factors may have affected number of stomata
what does more stomata mean
more co2 for photosynthesis
why would molecule stain to red blood cells
red blood cells don’t have a nucleus so stain would bind to haemoglobin
what adaptions of leaves that make it to grow well in dry conditions
thick waxy cuticle
hairy leaves
sunken stomata
how does uncontrolled cell division affect gas exchange
more cells between capillary and blood, larger diffusion pathway
slower gas exchange
slower rate of diffusion and slower release of carbon dioxide
difference between circulation in blood in fish and mammals
fish- 2 chambers 1 ventricle 2 valves
mammals- 4 chambers
blood doesnt return to heart in fish
blood returns to heart after being oxygenated
one cell thick
short diffusion pathway
large network of cells or capillaries and smaller cells
increases surface area
rich supply of oxygen/blood
maintain steep concentration gradient
what is an organ
a group of tissues
how does carbon dioxide in air outside leaf reach mesophyll cells inside the leaf
carbon dioxide enters via guard cells that open the stomata, diffuses through air spaces, down diffusion gradient
describe the roles of enzymes in digestion of protein in a mammal
-hydrolysis of peptide bonds by endopeptidase acts in the middle of the protein
-exopeptidase acts at the end of a protein this produces amino acids
-dipeptidase produces single amino acids
describe how ATP is resynthesised in cells
from ADP = inorganic phosphate
by ADP SYNTHASE, during respiration/photosynthesis
how does a rabbit eating its own caecal droppings help digestion and absorption of dietary protein
the more undigested proteins (broken down)
so more amino acids absorbed and passes again through
give two ways hydrolysis of ATP is used in cells
- to provide energy for reaction
- to add phosphate to make other compounds more reactive
parts of the mitochondrion
cristae
matrix
inner membrane
outer membrane
ribsomes
granules
why can the fat substitute not be digested by the enzyme lipase
fat substitute is different shape not complementary unable to fit and bind to active site.
NO ES complexes formed
