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Biology Food Flashcards

1
Q

Food is needed for

A

Energy
Growth of new cells
Repair of existing cells, tissues, organs etc

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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3
Q

Continuity of life

A

The ability of an organism to exist from one generation to the next

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4
Q

Six chemical elements in Food

A
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulphur
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5
Q

Salts of Food

A
  • Sodium
  • Magnesium
  • Chlorine
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
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6
Q

Trace Elements in Food

A
  • Iron
  • Copper
  • Zinc
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7
Q

Types of Food

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Water
Vitamins
Minerals

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8
Q

Elements in Carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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9
Q

General formula for Carbohydrates

A

Cx(H20)y

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10
Q

Glucose Formula

A

C6 H12 O6

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11
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single sugar molecules
Soluble in water
Sweet to taste
eg. Glucose, Fructose

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12
Q

Test for Glucose

A

Place glucose and water into test tubes
Add Benedict’s Solution to each
Place in beaker of hot water

Results: Glucose + Benedict’s = brick red
Water + Benedict’s = blue ( benedicts is blue )

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13
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugar units joined together
Soluble in water
Sweet to taste
eg. lactose ( glucose + galactose )
found in: milk

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14
Q

polysaccharides

A

many sugar molecules joined together
insoluble in water
not sweet to taste
eg. starch

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15
Q

test for starch

A

water + iodine = red/brown
starch + iodine = black

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16
Q

metabolic role of carbohydrates

A

sources of energy for metabolism
glucose is an immediate source of energy
they are important for Respiration and Photosynthesis
1g of carbs produces 17kJ energy

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17
Q

structural role of Carbohydrates in plants

A

Cellulose - found in plant cell walls
long chains of glucose
difficult to breakdown

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18
Q

structural role of carbohydrates in animals

A

Chitin - found in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons

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19
Q

storage role of carbohydrates in plants

A

starch - food storage

20
Q

storage role of carbohydrates in animals

A

glycogen - reserve storage ( liver, muscles )

21
Q

lipids include

A

fats - solid at room temp
oils - liquid at room temp
(steroids)
(waxes)

22
Q

chemical elements in lipids

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

23
Q

structure of lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol

24
Q

triglycerides

A

3 fatty acid molecules + 1 glycerol molecule

25
Q

phospholipids

A

if one fatty acid molecule of a lipid molecule is replaced by a phosphate group then a phospholipid is formed

26
Q

metabolic role of lipids

A

primary sources of energy for metabolism
1g fat provides 38kJ of energy
long term source of energy

27
Q

structural role of lipids

A

cell structure
important storage molecules in organisms
heat insulation - under skin
waterproof the body
protection around body organs - heart, liver

28
Q

test for fat

A

water + brown paper = opaque (absence)
oil + brown paper = translucent (presence)

29
Q

chemical elements in proteins

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen

some may contain sulphur, phosphorus + iron

30
Q

structure of proteins

A

long chains of amino acids
(20 common and several rare)
joined together by peptide bonds
results = polypeptide chains

essential amino acids = human body cannot make, must be taken in
non-essential = can be made in body

31
Q

amino acids

A

all amino acids contain 4 distinct chemical groups connected to a central atom.
- a single hydrogen atom
- an amino group (NA2)
- a carboxyl group
- a side chain

32
Q

test for protein

A

water + Biuret = blue
milk + protein = lilac

33
Q

structural role of proteins

A

cell structure
fibrous (no folding)
combine with phospholipids to form cell membranes
Keratin - structural protein in skin, hair and nails
Myosin - structural protein in muscles

34
Q

metabolic role of proteins

A
  • all enzymes are proteins and have a folded/globular shape
  • enzymes control the chemical reactions in cells
    eg. enzymes control the processes of respiration + photosynthesis
  • chlorophyll - protein that traps the suns energy during photosynthesis
  • 1g protein provides 15 kJ energy ( used in emergencies only)
  • hormones regulate body functions
35
Q

function of proteins

A

growth and repair of cells

36
Q

how are excess proteins excreted?

A

cannot be stored in body
excess brought to liver
NH2 group removed (deamination) and converted to urea
urea brought to kidneys in blood and converted to urine

37
Q

what are vitamins?

A

essential organic catalysts of metabolism
needed in small amounts - cannot be produced in body
must be supplied continuously and in sufficient amounts
differ form each other chemically

38
Q

fat soluble vitamin

A

vitamin D
source: sun/milk
function: healthy bones
deficiency: brittle bones

39
Q

water soluble vitamin

A

vitamin C
source: citrus fruit
function: healthy skin
deficiency: scurvy

40
Q

mineral and plants

A

calcium = to make cell walls
magnesium = to make chlorophyll
nitrates = to make proteins (growth+ repair)

41
Q

minerals and animals

A

calcium = to make bones and teeth
iron = to make the pigment haemoglobin in red blood cells
sodium = the regulation of the osmatic balance (water content) of cells and the blood

42
Q

the physical properties of water

A

slow to heat up and cool down
good absorber of energy
movement of materials in and out of cells
controls cell shape

43
Q

the chemical properties of water

A

universal solvent
medium for metabolism
reactant/product in chemical reactions

44
Q

anabolic reactions

A

energy is used to make large molecules from smaller ones
eg. Photosynthesis

45
Q

catabolic reactions

A

energy is released when large molecules are broken down to form smaller ones
eg. Respiration

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