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Biology Food Flashcards

1
Q

Food is needed for

A

Energy
Growth of new cells
Repair of existing cells, tissues, organs etc

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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3
Q

Continuity of life

A

The ability of an organism to exist from one generation to the next

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4
Q

Six chemical elements in Food

A
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulphur
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5
Q

Salts of Food

A
  • Sodium
  • Magnesium
  • Chlorine
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
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6
Q

Trace Elements in Food

A
  • Iron
  • Copper
  • Zinc
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7
Q

Types of Food

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Water
Vitamins
Minerals

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8
Q

Elements in Carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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9
Q

General formula for Carbohydrates

A

Cx(H20)y

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10
Q

Glucose Formula

A

C6 H12 O6

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11
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single sugar molecules
Soluble in water
Sweet to taste
eg. Glucose, Fructose

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12
Q

Test for Glucose

A

Place glucose and water into test tubes
Add Benedict’s Solution to each
Place in beaker of hot water

Results: Glucose + Benedict’s = brick red
Water + Benedict’s = blue ( benedicts is blue )

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13
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugar units joined together
Soluble in water
Sweet to taste
eg. lactose ( glucose + galactose )
found in: milk

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14
Q

polysaccharides

A

many sugar molecules joined together
insoluble in water
not sweet to taste
eg. starch

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15
Q

test for starch

A

water + iodine = red/brown
starch + iodine = black

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16
Q

metabolic role of carbohydrates

A

sources of energy for metabolism
glucose is an immediate source of energy
they are important for Respiration and Photosynthesis
1g of carbs produces 17kJ energy

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17
Q

structural role of Carbohydrates in plants

A

Cellulose - found in plant cell walls
long chains of glucose
difficult to breakdown

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18
Q

structural role of carbohydrates in animals

A

Chitin - found in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons

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19
Q

storage role of carbohydrates in plants

A

starch - food storage

20
Q

storage role of carbohydrates in animals

A

glycogen - reserve storage ( liver, muscles )

21
Q

lipids include

A

fats - solid at room temp
oils - liquid at room temp
(steroids)
(waxes)

22
Q

chemical elements in lipids

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

23
Q

structure of lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol

24
Q

triglycerides

A

3 fatty acid molecules + 1 glycerol molecule

25
phospholipids
if one fatty acid molecule of a lipid molecule is replaced by a phosphate group then a phospholipid is formed
26
metabolic role of lipids
primary sources of energy for metabolism 1g fat provides 38kJ of energy long term source of energy
27
structural role of lipids
cell structure important storage molecules in organisms heat insulation - under skin waterproof the body protection around body organs - heart, liver
28
test for fat
water + brown paper = opaque (absence) oil + brown paper = translucent (presence)
29
chemical elements in proteins
carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen some may contain sulphur, phosphorus + iron
30
structure of proteins
long chains of amino acids (20 common and several rare) joined together by peptide bonds results = polypeptide chains essential amino acids = human body cannot make, must be taken in non-essential = can be made in body
31
amino acids
all amino acids contain 4 distinct chemical groups connected to a central atom. - a single hydrogen atom - an amino group (NA2) - a carboxyl group - a side chain
32
test for protein
water + Biuret = blue milk + protein = lilac
33
structural role of proteins
cell structure fibrous (no folding) combine with phospholipids to form cell membranes Keratin - structural protein in skin, hair and nails Myosin - structural protein in muscles
34
metabolic role of proteins
- all enzymes are proteins and have a folded/globular shape - enzymes control the chemical reactions in cells eg. enzymes control the processes of respiration + photosynthesis - chlorophyll - protein that traps the suns energy during photosynthesis - 1g protein provides 15 kJ energy ( used in emergencies only) - hormones regulate body functions
35
function of proteins
growth and repair of cells
36
how are excess proteins excreted?
cannot be stored in body excess brought to liver NH2 group removed (deamination) and converted to urea urea brought to kidneys in blood and converted to urine
37
what are vitamins?
essential organic catalysts of metabolism needed in small amounts - cannot be produced in body must be supplied continuously and in sufficient amounts differ form each other chemically
38
fat soluble vitamin
vitamin D source: sun/milk function: healthy bones deficiency: brittle bones
39
water soluble vitamin
vitamin C source: citrus fruit function: healthy skin deficiency: scurvy
40
mineral and plants
calcium = to make cell walls magnesium = to make chlorophyll nitrates = to make proteins (growth+ repair)
41
minerals and animals
calcium = to make bones and teeth iron = to make the pigment haemoglobin in red blood cells sodium = the regulation of the osmatic balance (water content) of cells and the blood
42
the physical properties of water
slow to heat up and cool down good absorber of energy movement of materials in and out of cells controls cell shape
43
the chemical properties of water
universal solvent medium for metabolism reactant/product in chemical reactions
44
anabolic reactions
energy is used to make large molecules from smaller ones eg. Photosynthesis
45
catabolic reactions
energy is released when large molecules are broken down to form smaller ones eg. Respiration

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