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Biology Flashcards from Study Guide

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the water properties that attract molecules together?

A

Cohesion and Adhesion, cohesion means that water molecules are onto each other while adhesion means that it’s sticking onto other materials.

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2
Q

What is capillary action?

A

Anti-gravity property that enables water to climb up the tube.

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3
Q

What is the water property that deals with water’s heat?

A

High Specific Heat, it takes more energy to heat water than soil.

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4
Q

What is fitness in relation to Charles Darwin’s Laws?

A

The ability for an organism to pass on its genes successfully.

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5
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Modification in gene expression that does not alter the DNA sequence.

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6
Q

What is evolution?

A

The gradual change in a species over time.

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7
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection?

A

Adaptive traits allow organisms to survive and reproduce, aiding in Natural Selection. In essence, natural selection is the unequal distribution of genes in a population.

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8
Q

Why has antibiotic resistance occurred in populations?

A

Both the abundance of antibiotics and the misuse of antibiotics. Moreover, it has especially been more common for farmers to distribute antibiotics across their farms in order to maintain sufficient revenue.

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9
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells such as the sperm and egg cells.

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10
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells such as the sperm and egg cells.

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11
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A microorganism that has cell walls but does not have organized ones, including ones that cause disease.

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12
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A microorganism has cell walls but does not have organized ones, including ones that cause disease.

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13
Q

What is the triangle called that unwinds the DNA structure in DNA replication?

A

Helicase.

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14
Q

When going through DNA replication, what are the names of the strands that are created through this process?

A

Daughter and Parents strands.

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15
Q

What is the structural difference between RNA and DNA? (Name one)

A

While DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded.

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16
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acids.

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17
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Biology?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

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18
Q

Which two bases are Pyrimidine bases in DNA?

A

C and G

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19
Q

Which two bases are Purine bases in DNA?

A

A and T

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20
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?

A

2 hydrogen bonds.

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21
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G?

A

3 hydrogen bonds.

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22
Q

What are mutations?

A

Unpredictable changes in the structure or amount of DNA in an organism.

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23
Q

What are the two categories of mutations? (Hint: One starts with F and one starts with S)

A

Frameshift and substitution mutations.

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24
Q

What is a nucleotide base made out of?

A

Sugar molecules, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Lactose intolerance is a human mutation.

A

TRUE

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26
Q

On a molecular level, what determines if one if lactose intolerant or not?

A

If they have it coded for in their DNA, it will allow the enzyme lactase to hydrolyze the lactose (milk sugar).

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27
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids? (Think back to the Sam Quiggle Lab)

A

Stores genetic information in the form of DNA and RNA.

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28
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The removal of two hydrogen bonds to form a new bond.

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29
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering deactivation energy, similar to our Catalyst slides.

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of enzymes?

A

-They are proteins
-They are specific and reusable
-Sensitive to change in PH levels

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31
Q

What are the four levels of food processing?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
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32
Q

What is digestion?

A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules for the body to absorb.

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33
Q

What are three similarities between DNA and RNA?

A
  1. Nucleic acids
  2. Long chains (polymers)
  3. Both have similar bases except for Uracil
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34
Q

Who were Francis Crick and James Watson?

A

Two scientists who wanted to determine the 3-D structure of DNA.

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35
Q

What is the complementary sequence of GGCATAGGT?

A

CCGTATCCA.

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36
Q

LEVEL 10: What was the name of the first x-ray image of DNA?

A

Photo -51

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37
Q

LEVEL 10: What are replication “bubbles”?

A

When the parental DNA strand opens up to a daughter strand to elongate both sides of each bubble.

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38
Q

What is the order of genetic information processing in DNA, RNA, and proteins?

A

Transcription to RNA and then translation from RNA to proteins.

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39
Q

Where is the trisomy in Down Syndrome?

A

Trisomy-21.

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40
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

An unchanged sequence that does not result in a significant mutation.

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41
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene that changes the amino acid sequence of the next polypeptide.

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42
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

Adding or deleting one or more nucleotides in a gene, changing the triplet grouping of nucleotides.

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43
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of a male?

A

XY

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44
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of a female?

A

XX

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45
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Chromosomes that do not act as the sex chromosomes.

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46
Q

How do you detect a karyotype? (Name one or more)

A

Lymphocytes - white blood cells
Chemicals that simulates mitosis
Band patterns in the chromosomes

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47
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase.

-Results in a trisomy

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48
Q

What are recombinant chromosomes?

A

A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a chromosome. RECOMBINATION

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49
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

4 copies of each gene in total with a pair of sister chromosomes getting ready to recombine.

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50
Q

What is crossing over?

A

The exchange between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. (A form of random fertilization)

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51
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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52
Q

Where in the cell is DNA found?

A

The cell membrane, specifically the nucleus.

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52
Q

Where in the cell is DNA found?

A

The cell membrane, specifically the nucleus.

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53
Q

How many copies of chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes

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54
Q

Why are strawberries such a good source of DNA?

A

They have a larger number of chromosomes, and it becomes easier to identify the substance in the solution.

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55
Q

How many sugar-phosphate backbones does DNA have versus RNA?

A

DNA - Two sugar-phosphate backbones
RNA - One sugar-phosphate backbone

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56
Q

How many sugar-phosphate backbones does DNA have versus RNA?

A

DNA - Two sugar-phosphate backbones
RNA - One sugar-phosphate backbone

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57
Q

What does DNA packing do?

A
  1. Coiling
  2. Folding
  3. Packing
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58
Q

What is X-inactivation?

A
  1. Inactive XX
  2. Barr Body
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59
Q

What are histones?

A

Small protein molecules in DNA packing in Eukaryotes chromatids.

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60
Q

What is an example of epigenetics in generations of Holocaust survivors?

A

PTSD

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61
Q

What is one form of gene technology?

A

Vaccines

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62
Q

How does CRISPR work?

A

Search, cut, and edit the DNA molecule

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63
Q

What are the sources of x-inactivation?

A

-Gene mutations
-Crossing over
-Random fertilization
-Epigenetics

64
Q

What two categories of adaptation are there?

A

Behavioral and physical adaptations

65
Q

What kind of outcomes of natural selection are there?

A
  1. Directional
  2. Stabilizing
  3. Disruptive
66
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Humans make the choice.

67
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell. Meiosis occurs during the formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals.

68
Q

What is a control group?

A

A control group is one that stays the same in order to detect changes in the other experiments.

69
Q

What is the cause of mutations?

A

Mutagens

70
Q

What is extinction?

A

The termination of species.

71
Q

What is speciation?

A

The evolutionary process in order to create different distinct species

72
Q

What are the various components in Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?

A
  1. Variation
  2. Competition
  3. Selection
  4. Reproduction
  5. Adaptation
73
Q

On a pedigree chart, what are the shapes of males and females?

A

Males = Squares
Females = Circles, women have curves.

74
Q

What does CER stand for?

A

Claim
Evidence
Reasoning

75
Q

What are some examples of mutations?

A
  1. Red hair
  2. Extra-toed cats
  3. Disease Resistance
  4. Trisomy 21
76
Q

What do mutations affect?

A
  1. Proteins/Amino Acids
  2. Genetic Diversity
77
Q

What happens during a deletion mutation?

A

A base is lost

78
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

The frame of the amino acid sequence changes.

79
Q

At what stage does crossing over happen?

A

Prophase 1

80
Q

What separates during anaphase?

A

The chromatids.

81
Q

What phase does the cell start to divide?

A

Telophase.

82
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Mutations in a DNA nucleotide alteration inside a protein-coding region of a gene don’t affect it.

83
Q

What are the two kinds of frameshift mutations?

A

Insertion and deletion mutations.

84
Q

Where is the DNA located?

A

In the nucleus of the cell.

85
Q

What is coevolution?

A

An organism’s evolve with one another due to changes in their environments.

86
Q

What is an example of a heterozygous allele comibation?

A

Bb

87
Q

What is an example of a homozygous dominant allele combination?

A

BB

88
Q

What are the letters in order for Meiosis?

A

IPMAT PMAT

89
Q

What is another word for crossing over?

A

Recombination

90
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A sugar molecule is made of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction.

91
Q

What does sucrose do for plants?

A
  1. Raw Material
  2. Energy
92
Q

What are the four major macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
93
Q

What is the function of fats?

A

-Energy Storage
-Forms Cell Membranes
-Chemical messengers
-Protection/Insulation

94
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

-Storage
-Transportation
-Short-term energy
-Movement
-Structural enzymes.

95
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

-Repairs cells
-Growth and development
-Builds body tissues

96
Q

What is the replication fork?

A

The area where the DNA divides into the daughter strands or unravels.

97
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

The enzyme that forms new copies of DNA in the form of nucleic acid molecules.

98
Q

What is an allele?

A

Version of a gene/trait.

99
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

The genotype is homozygous.
Example: bb

100
Q

What is the gene pool?

A

The copies of an allele present in the population

101
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

When the dominant allele dominates the recessive ones.

102
Q

What is codominance?

A

When both dominant genes are expressed in the organism.
Example: White flower with red on the edges.

103
Q

What are the different levels of protein?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary
104
Q

What happens during Interphase?

A

Cells undergo DNA replication to form duplicate chromosomes.

105
Q

What does a shaded pedigree symbol mean?

A

The organism is affected by something in its genetics.

106
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

A characteristic that is influenced by two or more genes.

107
Q

What traits are polygenic traits?

A

Hair, skin color, hair color, and eye color

108
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

Rna when genetic information is transcribed into DNA.

109
Q

What is the vocab term for an organism’s ability to reproduce successfully?

A

Fit

110
Q

Will the dominant or recessive allele prevail in a heterozygous allele combination?

A

Dominant allele
Example: Rr

111
Q

Where does the dependent variable go on a graph?

A

The X-axis.

112
Q

Where does the independent variable go on a graph?

A

The Y-axis.

113
Q

What is the difference between genotypes and phenotypes?

A

Genotypes: The alleles and genes of an organism.
Phenotypes: The inherited APPEARANCE of an organism.

114
Q

What are the different structures of proteins? (Name four)

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary
115
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Lactose is a sugar in milk.

A

TRUE

116
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Digesting lactose causes a person’s blood glucose levels to increase.

A

TRUE

117
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Lactose intolerance is a genetic trait.

A

TRUE

118
Q

What are sex-linked genes?

A

Genes displayed with the X chromosomes. Only X chromosomes can be carriers for a trait.

119
Q

What are the genotypes for Type A blood?

A

IA IA or IA i

120
Q

What are the genotypes for Type B blood?

A

IB IB or IB i

121
Q

What are the genotypes for Type AB blood?

A

IA IB

122
Q

What are the genotypes of Type O blood?

A

ii

123
Q

What are the symptoms associated with a lactose-intolerant individual?

A

-Gas
-Bloating
-Diarrhea

124
Q

What is lactase persistence?

A

The ability to continue making the lactase enzyme into adulthood.

125
Q

What is the only known molecule that can replicate itself?

A

DNA

126
Q

Why is DNA replication referred to as semi-conservative?

A

One strand of DNA in each of the two copies of DNA is ancient and conserved while the other is newly produced at the moment of replication. (Parent and daughter strands)

127
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

In the Eukaryotic cell.

128
Q

Which type of mutation is responsible for new variations of a trait?

A

Missense mutation

129
Q

Which type of mutation results in an abnormal amino acid sequence?

A

Frameshift mutations

130
Q

Which type of mutation stops the translation of mRNA?

A

Nonsense mutation

131
Q

What is the name of the process that produced gametes (egg and sperm cells)?

A

Meiosis

132
Q

What is a human haploid cell versus a diploid?

A

Haploid = 23 chromosomes; a single set of chromosomes.
Diploid = 46 chromosomes; double sets of chromosomes.

133
Q

How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have?

A

46 chromosomes.

134
Q

What happens during Prophase 1?

A

Chromosomes replicate and attach to their sister chromatids.

135
Q

What happens during Metaphase 1?

A

The spindle moves the homologous chromosomes to the middle of the cell.

136
Q

What happens during Anaphase 1?

A

The spindle pulls the chromosomes apart.

137
Q

What happens during Telophase 1?

A

The chromosomes move into their own cells after seperating during anaphase

138
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Result of a fusion of two haploid gametes from the mother and father.

139
Q

What are the benefits of bacteria?

A

-Decomposers
-Oil Spills
-Digestion
-Vitamins

140
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease causing bacteria.

141
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Compounds that block the growh and reproduction of bacteria.

142
Q

Why do antibiotics evolve so quickly?

A

Since they reproduce asexually, they are able to repdouce much faster leading to more mutations.

143
Q

What is the central idea of biological evolution?

A

All species today share a common ancestor.

144
Q

What did Thomas Malthus argue?

A

Famine, war, and disease allowed the fittest to rise on top without being deprived of resources.

145
Q

What are causes of variation in meiosis?

A
  1. Crossing over
  2. Random Fertilization
    3.Independent assortment
146
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The exchange of genes between two populations.

147
Q

What are vestigal structures?

A

Remnants from an ancestor that are no longer used in other its decendants environment.
Example: Human tailbones

148
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Alleles that are coding for the same trait seperate during gamete formation.

149
Q

What is deletion in chromosomal mutations?

A

Deletion - loss of part of a chromosome.

150
Q

Duplication Chromosomal Mutation

A

Extra copy made of part of a chromosome

151
Q

Inversion chromosomal mutation

A

Reverses the direction of part of a chromosome

152
Q

What is translocation?

A

Part of one chromosome attaches to another (Think of the transcontinental railroad)

153
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

A blended phenotype

154
Q

What is codominance?

A

More than one dominant allele
Example: BW

155
Q

What is extinction?

A

The complete termination of a population.

156
Q

What are antibiotics used for?

A

In medicine, they are used to attack microorganisms.

157
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Nucleic acid sequences in the nucleus

158
Q

What are codons versus anticodons?

A

Anticodon = STOP on the codon wheel
CODON = 3 nucleotides form a unit in genetic storage structures.

Biology Flashcards (3 decks)

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