Biology Flashcards from Study Guide
1
Q
What are the water properties that attract molecules together?
A
Cohesion and Adhesion, cohesion means that water molecules are onto each other while adhesion means that it’s sticking onto other materials.
2
Q
What is capillary action?
A
Anti-gravity property that enables water to climb up the tube.
3
Q
What is the water property that deals with water’s heat?
A
High Specific Heat, it takes more energy to heat water than soil.
4
Q
What is fitness in relation to Charles Darwin’s Laws?
A
The ability for an organism to pass on its genes successfully.
5
Q
What is epigenetics?
A
Modification in gene expression that does not alter the DNA sequence.
6
Q
What is evolution?
A
The gradual change in a species over time.
7
Q
What is Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection?
A
Adaptive traits allow organisms to survive and reproduce, aiding in Natural Selection. In essence, natural selection is the unequal distribution of genes in a population.
8
Q
Why has antibiotic resistance occurred in populations?
A
Both the abundance of antibiotics and the misuse of antibiotics. Moreover, it has especially been more common for farmers to distribute antibiotics across their farms in order to maintain sufficient revenue.
9
Q
What are gametes?
A
Sex cells such as the sperm and egg cells.
10
Q
What are gametes?
A
Sex cells such as the sperm and egg cells.
11
Q
What is bacteria?
A
A microorganism that has cell walls but does not have organized ones, including ones that cause disease.
12
Q
What is bacteria?
A
A microorganism has cell walls but does not have organized ones, including ones that cause disease.
13
Q
What is the triangle called that unwinds the DNA structure in DNA replication?
A
Helicase.
14
Q
When going through DNA replication, what are the names of the strands that are created through this process?
A
Daughter and Parents strands.
15
Q
What is the structural difference between RNA and DNA? (Name one)
A
While DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded.
16
Q
What does RNA stand for?
A
Ribonucleic acids.
17
Q
What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
A
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
18
Q
Which two bases are Pyrimidine bases in DNA?
A
C and G
19
Q
Which two bases are Purine bases in DNA?
A
A and T
20
Q
How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?
A
2 hydrogen bonds.
21
Q
How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G?
A
3 hydrogen bonds.
22
Q
What are mutations?
A
Unpredictable changes in the structure or amount of DNA in an organism.
23
Q
What are the two categories of mutations? (Hint: One starts with F and one starts with S)
A
Frameshift and substitution mutations.
24
Q
What is a nucleotide base made out of?
A
Sugar molecules, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
25
TRUE OR FALSE: Lactose intolerance is a human mutation.
TRUE
26
On a molecular level, what determines if one if lactose intolerant or not?
If they have it coded for in their DNA, it will allow the enzyme lactase to hydrolyze the lactose (milk sugar).
27
What is the function of nucleic acids? (Think back to the Sam Quiggle Lab)
Stores genetic information in the form of DNA and RNA.
28
What is dehydration synthesis?
The removal of two hydrogen bonds to form a new bond.
29
What do enzymes do?
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering deactivation energy, similar to our Catalyst slides.
30
What are the characteristics of enzymes?
-They are proteins
-They are specific and reusable
-Sensitive to change in PH levels
31
What are the four levels of food processing?
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination
32
What is digestion?
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules for the body to absorb.
33
What are three similarities between DNA and RNA?
1. Nucleic acids
2. Long chains (polymers)
3. Both have similar bases except for Uracil
34
Who were Francis Crick and James Watson?
Two scientists who wanted to determine the 3-D structure of DNA.
35
What is the complementary sequence of GGCATAGGT?
CCGTATCCA.
36
LEVEL 10: What was the name of the first x-ray image of DNA?
Photo -51
37
LEVEL 10: What are replication "bubbles"?
When the parental DNA strand opens up to a daughter strand to elongate both sides of each bubble.
38
What is the order of genetic information processing in DNA, RNA, and proteins?
Transcription to RNA and then translation from RNA to proteins.
39
Where is the trisomy in Down Syndrome?
Trisomy-21.
40
What is a silent mutation?
An unchanged sequence that does not result in a significant mutation.
41
What is a missense mutation?
Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene that changes the amino acid sequence of the next polypeptide.
42
What are frameshift mutations?
Adding or deleting one or more nucleotides in a gene, changing the triplet grouping of nucleotides.
43
What are the sex chromosomes of a male?
XY
44
What are the sex chromosomes of a female?
XX
45
What are autosomes?
Chromosomes that do not act as the sex chromosomes.
46
How do you detect a karyotype? (Name one or more)
Lymphocytes - white blood cells
Chemicals that simulates mitosis
Band patterns in the chromosomes
47
What is nondisjunction?
When homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase.
-Results in a trisomy
48
What are recombinant chromosomes?
A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a chromosome. RECOMBINATION
49
What is a tetrad?
4 copies of each gene in total with a pair of sister chromosomes getting ready to recombine.
50
What is crossing over?
The exchange between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. (A form of random fertilization)
51
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
52
Where in the cell is DNA found?
The cell membrane, specifically the nucleus.
52
Where in the cell is DNA found?
The cell membrane, specifically the nucleus.
53
How many copies of chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes
54
Why are strawberries such a good source of DNA?
They have a larger number of chromosomes, and it becomes easier to identify the substance in the solution.
55
How many sugar-phosphate backbones does DNA have versus RNA?
DNA - Two sugar-phosphate backbones
RNA - One sugar-phosphate backbone
56
How many sugar-phosphate backbones does DNA have versus RNA?
DNA - Two sugar-phosphate backbones
RNA - One sugar-phosphate backbone
57
What does DNA packing do?
1. Coiling
2. Folding
3. Packing
58
What is X-inactivation?
1. Inactive XX
2. Barr Body
59
What are histones?
Small protein molecules in DNA packing in Eukaryotes chromatids.
60
What is an example of epigenetics in generations of Holocaust survivors?
PTSD
61
What is one form of gene technology?
Vaccines
62
How does CRISPR work?
Search, cut, and edit the DNA molecule
63
What are the sources of x-inactivation?
-Gene mutations
-Crossing over
-Random fertilization
-Epigenetics
64
What two categories of adaptation are there?
Behavioral and physical adaptations
65
What kind of outcomes of natural selection are there?
1. Directional
2. Stabilizing
3. Disruptive
66
What is artificial selection?
Humans make the choice.
67
What is meiosis?
A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell. Meiosis occurs during the formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals.
68
What is a control group?
A control group is one that stays the same in order to detect changes in the other experiments.
69
What is the cause of mutations?
Mutagens
70
What is extinction?
The termination of species.
71
What is speciation?
The evolutionary process in order to create different distinct species
72
What are the various components in Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?
1. Variation
2. Competition
3. Selection
4. Reproduction
5. Adaptation
73
On a pedigree chart, what are the shapes of males and females?
Males = Squares
Females = Circles, women have curves.
74
What does CER stand for?
Claim
Evidence
Reasoning
75
What are some examples of mutations?
1. Red hair
2. Extra-toed cats
3. Disease Resistance
4. Trisomy 21
76
What do mutations affect?
1. Proteins/Amino Acids
2. Genetic Diversity
77
What happens during a deletion mutation?
A base is lost
78
What is a frameshift mutation?
The frame of the amino acid sequence changes.
79
At what stage does crossing over happen?
Prophase 1
80
What separates during anaphase?
The chromatids.
81
What phase does the cell start to divide?
Telophase.
82
What is a silent mutation?
Mutations in a DNA nucleotide alteration inside a protein-coding region of a gene don't affect it.
83
What are the two kinds of frameshift mutations?
Insertion and deletion mutations.
84
Where is the DNA located?
In the nucleus of the cell.
85
What is coevolution?
An organism's evolve with one another due to changes in their environments.
86
What is an example of a heterozygous allele comibation?
Bb
87
What is an example of a homozygous dominant allele combination?
BB
88
What are the letters in order for Meiosis?
IPMAT PMAT
89
What is another word for crossing over?
Recombination
90
What is a disaccharide?
A sugar molecule is made of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction.
91
What does sucrose do for plants?
1. Raw Material
2. Energy
92
What are the four major macromolecules?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
93
What is the function of fats?
-Energy Storage
-Forms Cell Membranes
-Chemical messengers
-Protection/Insulation
94
What is the function of carbohydrates?
-Storage
-Transportation
-Short-term energy
-Movement
-Structural enzymes.
95
What is the function of proteins?
-Repairs cells
-Growth and development
-Builds body tissues
96
What is the replication fork?
The area where the DNA divides into the daughter strands or unravels.
97
What is DNA polymerase?
The enzyme that forms new copies of DNA in the form of nucleic acid molecules.
98
What is an allele?
Version of a gene/trait.
99
What is a recessive trait?
The genotype is homozygous.
Example: bb
100
What is the gene pool?
The copies of an allele present in the population
101
What is complete dominance?
When the dominant allele dominates the recessive ones.
102
What is codominance?
When both dominant genes are expressed in the organism.
Example: White flower with red on the edges.
103
What are the different levels of protein?
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary
104
What happens during Interphase?
Cells undergo DNA replication to form duplicate chromosomes.
105
What does a shaded pedigree symbol mean?
The organism is affected by something in its genetics.
106
What are polygenic traits?
A characteristic that is influenced by two or more genes.
107
What traits are polygenic traits?
Hair, skin color, hair color, and eye color
108
What is messenger RNA?
Rna when genetic information is transcribed into DNA.
109
What is the vocab term for an organism's ability to reproduce successfully?
Fit
110
Will the dominant or recessive allele prevail in a heterozygous allele combination?
Dominant allele
Example: Rr
111
Where does the dependent variable go on a graph?
The X-axis.
112
Where does the independent variable go on a graph?
The Y-axis.
113
What is the difference between genotypes and phenotypes?
Genotypes: The alleles and genes of an organism.
Phenotypes: The inherited APPEARANCE of an organism.
114
What are the different structures of proteins? (Name four)
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary
115
TRUE OR FALSE: Lactose is a sugar in milk.
TRUE
116
TRUE OR FALSE: Digesting lactose causes a person's blood glucose levels to increase.
TRUE
117
TRUE OR FALSE: Lactose intolerance is a genetic trait.
TRUE
118
What are sex-linked genes?
Genes displayed with the X chromosomes. Only X chromosomes can be carriers for a trait.
119
What are the genotypes for Type A blood?
IA IA or IA i
120
What are the genotypes for Type B blood?
IB IB or IB i
121
What are the genotypes for Type AB blood?
IA IB
122
What are the genotypes of Type O blood?
ii
123
What are the symptoms associated with a lactose-intolerant individual?
-Gas
-Bloating
-Diarrhea
124
What is lactase persistence?
The ability to continue making the lactase enzyme into adulthood.
125
What is the only known molecule that can replicate itself?
DNA
126
Why is DNA replication referred to as semi-conservative?
One strand of DNA in each of the two copies of DNA is ancient and conserved while the other is newly produced at the moment of replication. (Parent and daughter strands)
127
Where does DNA replication occur?
In the Eukaryotic cell.
128
Which type of mutation is responsible for new variations of a trait?
Missense mutation
129
Which type of mutation results in an abnormal amino acid sequence?
Frameshift mutations
130
Which type of mutation stops the translation of mRNA?
Nonsense mutation
131
What is the name of the process that produced gametes (egg and sperm cells)?
Meiosis
132
What is a human haploid cell versus a diploid?
Haploid = 23 chromosomes; a single set of chromosomes.
Diploid = 46 chromosomes; double sets of chromosomes.
133
How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have?
46 chromosomes.
134
What happens during Prophase 1?
Chromosomes replicate and attach to their sister chromatids.
135
What happens during Metaphase 1?
The spindle moves the homologous chromosomes to the middle of the cell.
136
What happens during Anaphase 1?
The spindle pulls the chromosomes apart.
137
What happens during Telophase 1?
The chromosomes move into their own cells after seperating during anaphase
138
What is a zygote?
Result of a fusion of two haploid gametes from the mother and father.
139
What are the benefits of bacteria?
-Decomposers
-Oil Spills
-Digestion
-Vitamins
140
What are pathogens?
Disease causing bacteria.
141
What are antibiotics?
Compounds that block the growh and reproduction of bacteria.
142
Why do antibiotics evolve so quickly?
Since they reproduce asexually, they are able to repdouce much faster leading to more mutations.
143
What is the central idea of biological evolution?
All species today share a common ancestor.
144
What did Thomas Malthus argue?
Famine, war, and disease allowed the fittest to rise on top without being deprived of resources.
145
What are causes of variation in meiosis?
1. Crossing over
2. Random Fertilization
3.Independent assortment
146
What is gene flow?
The exchange of genes between two populations.
147
What are vestigal structures?
Remnants from an ancestor that are no longer used in other its decendants environment.
Example: Human tailbones
148
What is the law of segregation?
Alleles that are coding for the same trait seperate during gamete formation.
149
What is deletion in chromosomal mutations?
Deletion - loss of part of a chromosome.
150
Duplication Chromosomal Mutation
Extra copy made of part of a chromosome
151
Inversion chromosomal mutation
Reverses the direction of part of a chromosome
152
What is translocation?
Part of one chromosome attaches to another (Think of the transcontinental railroad)
153
Incomplete Dominance
A blended phenotype
154
What is codominance?
More than one dominant allele
Example: BW
155
What is extinction?
The complete termination of a population.
156
What are antibiotics used for?
In medicine, they are used to attack microorganisms.
157
What are chromosomes?
Nucleic acid sequences in the nucleus
158
What are codons versus anticodons?
Anticodon = STOP on the codon wheel
CODON = 3 nucleotides form a unit in genetic storage structures.
