Biology Fianl Exam Flashcards
Levels of organization
Cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organism- population- community- ecosystem- biosphere
What are the 4 types of tissues in humans and what do they do
Epithelial- skin
Connective- connect stuff
Muscle- muscle
Nerve- transmit signals to and from the brain to the body
What is homeostasis
Maintaining conditions needed to live; balance
Monomers of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
Proteins- amino acids
Carbohydrates- monosaccharides
Lipids- glycerol and fatty acids
Nucleic acid- nucleotides
What macromolecule us our main source of energy
Glucose
Who is the father of evolution
Charles Darwin
Where did Darwin explore to write his major work
Galápagos Islands
What ideas did Darwin propose
Natural selection and survival of the fittest
What people influenced Darwin
James Hutton, Charles Lyell, jean baptist-Lamark
What does “fitness” mean
Ability to survive
What is a vestigial structure
Present but not useful
What is an analogous structure
Same function but different structure
What are homologous structures
Same structure and different function
What is binomial nomenclature
Classification with 2 words
Order of classification
Domain kingdom phylum class order genus species
What are the 2 different types of bacteria and how are they classified
Archaebacteria and eubacteria. Archae are survivors and eubacteria are everyday
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria
Spirillium- spiral
Bacillus- rod
Coccus- sphere
What is the basic structure of a virus
Nucleic acid closed by a protein
What is the 10% rule and where does the other 90% go
Only 10% of energy is passed from consumer to consumer. The other 90% is lost as heat and mechanical energy
What is nitrogen fixation and what does it do
When certain bacteria turn atmospheric nitrogen into organic compounds
How many directions does energy flow in the environment?
1
What is diffusion
A substance going from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What 3 organelles are in plant cells but not animal cells
Plastid, chloroplast , central vacuole
What are the steps of the cell cycle
G1, S, G2, Prophase Metaphase anaphase telophase
What is cancer
An undying cell
What is DNA made of
Deroxiribose sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base
What is RNA made of
Ribose sugar , phosphate and a nitrogen base
After replication what are the double Helixes made of
An old stand and a new strand
What’s the equation for cellular respiration
C6h1206 + o2 yields h20 + co2
What is the equation for photosynthesis
H20 + co2 yields c6h12o6 + o2
What’s the starting molecule for glycolysis
Glucose
Why does fermentation occur instead of respiration
Lack of oxygen
Where does photosynthesis occur
Chloroplasts
Where does cellular respiration occur
Mitochondria
What organisms perform photosynthesis
Plants
What organisms preform cellular respiration
All
What is the definition of a hybrid
Offspring of parents with different genes
Who is the father of genetics and what did he discover
Gregor Mendel expiramented on the different generations of pea plants
What is the definition of a protist
A large and diverse group of eukaryotic micro organisms
What Common diseases do protists cause
Malaria and amoebic osentary
How are protists classified
How they obtain nutrients
How do fungus like protists get energy
From decaying matter
How are animal like protists classified
How they move
What’s the definition of fungus
A one or more felled organism feeding on organic matter
What ways do fungi feed
On dead matter, living matter, and soil
How do fungi reproduce
With spores
What is hyphae
The roots of mushrooms
What is mycelium
The Mat of mushroom hyphae
What’s rhizoid
The undergrowth of hair on a fungi
What is the most important role of fungi in the environment
To break down living matter
What are the most common fungal diseases
Athletes foot and ringworm
What are fungi cell walls made of
Chitin
What is chitin
An ultra complex sugar that makes up the cell walls of fungi
What is a cuticle on plants
The waxy layer on plants
What are guard cells in plants
Control gas exchange in plants
What is phloem in plants
Food
What is xylem in plants
Water
What is mesophyll
The inner tissue if plants where the chloroplasts are
What are stomata
The openings in plants where gas exchange occurs
What’s the difference between monocots and dicots
The number of seed leaves
What are the major functions of leaves
To collect gas and light
What are the 3 tropisms and what causes them to occur
Gravitropism- grows down
Phototropism- towards light
Figmotropism- towards other objects
The term “vascular tissue” in plants refers to what
Tissue that moves food and water
Moving to land required plants to form what adaptations
Rigid cell wall, vascular system, seeds
What are plant cell walls composed of
Cellulose
What is fruit
Encasement of a seed
What is cephelization in animals
The concentration of sensory organs at the front of the body
What’s the difference be tween an opened and closed circulatory system
Whether the blood Is contained or not
What are the 3 types of symmetry
Bilateral
Radial
Asymmetry
The chordate phylum has what 4 special characteristics
Nodochorde
Tubular central nervous system
Phanigial pouch to breathe
A tail
When does crossing over occur
Prophase
Why us crossing over important to Genetic diversity
It creates diversity
