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biology yr. 10 > Biology Feb. test > Flashcards

Biology Feb. test Flashcards

heart, lungs, circulatory system, CHD, cancer

1
Q

The heart delivers _______ and _______ to the cells in our body.

A

The heart delivers [glucose] and [oxygen] to the cells in our body.

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2
Q

The heart transports ________ _______ to the lungs so gas exchange can take place.

A

The heart transports [deoxygenated blood] to the lungs so gas exchange can take place.

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3
Q

The heart is a ______ _________ system

A

The heart is a [double circulatory] system

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4
Q

The upper chambers of the heart are called _____

A

Atria

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5
Q

The ventricles pump blood ___ __ the heart.

A

Out of

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6
Q

What do valves do?

A

Force blood to flow in one direction
(KEY PHRASE: prevents backflow)

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7
Q

The pulmonary artery carries __________ blood to the ______.

A

The pulmonary artery carries [deoxygenated] blood to the [lungs].

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8
Q

The pulmonary vein carries _________ blood ______ _____ ___ _____.

A

The pulmonary vein carries [oxygenated] blood back from the lungs.

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9
Q

Where is the pulmonary vein connected to?

A

the left atrium

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10
Q

Where is the pulmonary artery connected to?

A

the right ventricle

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11
Q

The aorta carries ________ blood to the _____.

A

The aorta carries [oxygenated] blood to the [body].

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12
Q

Where is the aorta connected to?

A

The left ventricle

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13
Q

The vena cava takes ________ blood ______ from the ______ __ ___ ____.

A

The vena cava takes [deoxygenated] blood [back] from the [tissues of the body].

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14
Q

Where is the vena cava connected to?

A

The right atrium

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15
Q

The heart’s specialised cells (also known as _______ ________) are located at the top of the _____ ______.

A

The heart’s specialised cells (also known as [natural pacemakers]) are located at the top of the [right atrium].

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16
Q

Natural pacemakers send out _______ ______ that cause the heart to _______.

A

Natural pacemakers send out [electrical signals] that cause the heart to [contract].

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17
Q

Name (at least) three characteristics of arteries

A
  • narrow lumen
  • thick elastic walls
  • buried deep in body
  • carries blood away from the heart
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18
Q

Name (at least) three characteristics of veins

A
  • wide lumen
  • contains valves
  • less elastic tissue
  • carry blood into the heart
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19
Q

Name (at least) three characteristics of capillaries

A
  • narrow
  • used for exchange of substances
  • blood at lower pressure
  • carry blood to the cells
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20
Q

summarise the structure of a red blood cell

A
  • large surface area
  • haemoglobin (picks up oxygen)
  • no nucleus
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21
Q

describe the structure of a white blood cell

A

They have a flexible structure to engulf bacteria

22
Q

summarise the function of a red blood cell

A

Carries oxygen around the body

23
Q

summarise the function of a white blood cell

A

attack diseases and bacteria that enter your body to protect you from illness.

24
Q

summarise the function of a platelet

A

causes blood to clot, causing tiny fibres to spread across a cut and stop bleeding.

25
summarise the function of plasma
carries nutrients, proteins and clotting factors
26
Name some risk factors for CHD
- smoking - high blood pressure - blood cholesterol - diet
27
why is smoking a risk factor of CHD?
Carbon monoxide- combines with haemoglobin, leading to lack of oxygen nicotine- stimulates the production of adrenaline, increasing heart rate and blood pressure
28
why is high blood pressure a risk factor of CHD?
higher blood pressure ----> arteries being more likely to burst -----> artery walls thicken and restrict blood flow
29
why is your diet a risk factor of CHD?
- too much salt = raise in blood pressure - too much fat = higher blood cholesterol
30
Name a few ways to treat heart conditions
- stents - statins - heart transplant - pacemakers - heart valve repair / replacement surgery
31
what is CHD?
coronary heart disease- fat builds up inside the coronary arteries so that less blood/oxygen is supplied to the heart.
32
A heart attack is also known as __________ _________.
Myocardial infarction
33
What is an atheroma?
The buildup of fat that forms on the wall of an artery
34
What happens if valves are faulty? (2)
If they don't open properly, they can restrict blood flow. If they don't close properly, blood will leak back into the heart.
35
When does heart failure happen?
When the heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly due to it being weak or stiff.
36
What's the difference between small and non-small cell lung cancer?
small cell lung cancer- the cells look smaller under a microscope, faster spreading non-small cell - cells look bigger
37
How do you prevent lung cancer?
- avoid smoking - maintain a healthy diet - exercise regularly
38
Name some risks of causing lung cancer
- smoking - air pollution - family history - previous lung diseases
39
What's the difference between melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer?
Non-melanoma skin cancer refers to a group of cancers that slowly develop in the upper layers of the skin. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can spread to other organs in the body.
40
How do you prevent skin cancer?
- wearing suncream - wear a hat and sunglasses - do not use sunbeds - don't stay out in the heat for too long
41
Name some risks of skin cancer
- exposure to the sun - fair skin - age - family history - sunburn
42
Name some risks of cervical cancer
- having multiple pregnancies - HPV - STDs - oral contraceptives - family history
43
What's the difference between invasive and non-invasive breast cancer?
- non-invasive breast cancer is found in the ducts and hasn't developed the ability to spread - invasive breast cancer can spread
44
Name some risks of breast cancer
- age - being a woman (higher risk than men) - genes - race and ethnicity (white women are at higher risk)
45
How do you prevent breast cancer?
- breast cancer screenings (mammogram) - exercise and a healthy diet - breastfeeding can reduce the risk
46
What's the difference between a malignant and benign brain tumour?
Malignant brain tumours are cancerous and benign brain tumours are non-cancerous.
47
Name some risk factors of brain tumours
- age - medical radiation - genetic history - smoking and alcohol
48
how are alveoli adapted for efficient gas exchange?
- moist surface to allow oxygen to dissolve - large surface area - thin membrane for short diffusion pathway - lots of capillaries
49
What do the ribs do?
Protect the lungs and heart
50
What is the role of the trachea?
Air is inhaled and passes through the trachea and into the lungs
51
What is the role of the diaphragm?
Helps move air in and out of the lungs
52
What is the role of the alveoli?
They provide space for gas exchange

biology yr. 10 (2 decks)

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