Biology fc🧬

Question 1

State the position and function of the cerebral cortex (cerebrum) (2) 🧠

Answer 1

The outer layer of your brains surface, on top of cerebellum
Makes you who you are e.g memory, thinking, learning, language

Question 2

State the position and function of the cerebellum(2)🧠

Answer 2

Back of head, just above where spine connect to brain
Coordinate muscle movement, balance

Question 3

State the position and function of the medulla(2)🧠

Answer 3

Tail-like structure at the base of the brain
Essential functions/ unconscious activity e.g. breathing, circulation, digestion

Question 4

Give the reasons that make investigating brain disorders different🧠(2)

Answer 4

The brain is complex and delicate

Question 5

Define “accommodation” with reference to the human eye👀

Answer 5

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

Question 6

Describe how the eye focuses on near objects👀 (3)

Answer 6

-ciliary muscles contract
-suspensory ligaments loosen
-lens is thicker and refracts light rays strongly

Question 7

Describe how the eye focuses on a distant object👀 (3)

Answer 7

-ciliary muscles relax
-suspensory ligaments are pulled tight
-lens is pulled thin and only slightly refracts light

Question 8

Give the medical term for shortsightedness🫵 (1)

Answer 8

Myopia- need concave lenses to counteract over refraction

Question 9

Give the medical term for long sightedness 🫵🚫 (1)

Answer 9

Hyperopia- need convex lenses for extra refracting

Question 10

State 4 methods of correcting vision🤓😷 (4)

Answer 10

-spectacle lenses
-hard or soft contact lenses
-laser surgery—change shape of cornea
-replacement lens in eye

Question 11

Describe the body response to high temperature🔥🥵 (3)

Answer 11

-vasodilation=widening of blood vessels
-sweat
which transfer energy from skin to environment

Question 12

Describe the body response to low temperature🥶❄️ (3)

Answer 12

-vasoconstriction=blood vessels get smaller
-sweating stops
-skeletal muscles contract(shiver)

Question 13

State the effect of the loss or gain of too much water by cells💦🔫 (1)

Answer 13

They do not function efficiently

Question 14

Describe how excess protein is removed from the body 🥩 (4)

Answer 14

-digestion of proteins=excess amino acids(need to be safely excreted)
-amino acids form ammonia
-ammonia is toxic so converted to urea

Question 15

Describe the function of kidneys in maintaining the water balance of the body🫘 (4)

Answer 15

Kidneys produce urine by:
-filtration of blood
-selective reabsorption of useful substances e.g. glucose, some ions and water

Question 16

Describe how ADH affects the action of the kidneys🫘 (3)

Answer 16

ADH:
-released by the pituitary gland when blood is too concentrated(not enough water)
-causes more water to be reabsorbed into the blood from kidney tubules
-less urine
-controlled by negative feedback

Question 17

How do auxins affect plant growth 🍀🌿(1)

Answer 17

Unequal distribution of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots (inhibits growth) and shoots (stimulates growth)

Question 18

State the importance of gibberellins🌷☘️ (1)

Answer 18

Initiating seed germination(seed into seedling)

Question 19

State the role of ethene in plant control and coordination🍀🌿 (2)

Answer 19

Controls cell division and ripening of fruits

Question 20

State 3 uses of auxins (3)

Answer 20

-weed killers
-rooting powders
-promote flowering

Question 21

State a use of ethene in the food industry 🍒🍇(1)

Answer 21

To control ripening of fruit during storage and transport

Question 22

State 3 uses of gibberellins (3)

Answer 22

-end seed dormancy
-promote flowering
-increase fruit size

Question 23

State 3 advantages of sexual reproduction🍼👶🏿 (3)

Answer 23

-variation in offspring
-if environment changes variation may give an advantage by natural selection
-natural selection can be sped up by humans in selective breeding

Question 24

State 4 advantages of asexual reproduction (4)

Answer 24

-only 1 parent needed
-more time and energy efficient
-faster
-many identical offspring produced when conditions are favourable

Question 25

Name the bases found in DNA and describe how they combine (2)

Answer 25

A joins either T(Anna and Tyrone) G joins with C(Claudia and Gary)

Question 26

How does a mutation in DNA affect a protein🧬 (3)

Answer 26

Mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape so enzyme no longer fits the substrate or structural protein may lose its strength

Question 27

Name 4 methods of cloning (4)

Answer 27

-tissue culture -cuttings -embryo transplants -adult cell cloning

Question 28

Describe tissue culture (2)

Answer 28

Using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants This is important for preserving rare plant species or commercially in nurseries

Question 29

Describe embryo transplants as a method of cloning (2)

Answer 29

Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers

Question 30

Describe the process of adult cell cloning🧑‍🧑‍🧒 (5)

Answer 30

-nucleus removed from unfertilised egg -nucleus from adults body cell e.g. skin cell is inserted into egg cell -electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo -these contain same DNA as adult cell -when embryo becomes ball of cells, it’s inserted into the womb of an adult female

Question 31

Sequence the process of natural selection(4)

Answer 31

-variation within a population caused by a mutation -best adapted to the environment survive long enough to reproduce -genes are passed on to the next generation

Question 32

Darwin published his ideals in which book? (1) 📕

Answer 32

On the Origin of Species

Question 33

State 3 reasons why Darwin ideas were only gradually accepted(3) 🙏📕

Answer 33

-theory challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on Earth -there was insufficient evidence at the time the theory was published to convinced many scientists -the mechanism of inheritance and variation was not know until 50 years after the theory was published

Question 34

Alfred Russel Wallace’s work contributed to which theory(1)?👨‍🔬👨‍🦼

Answer 34

Speciation

Question 35

Alfred Russel Wallace’s work contributed to which theory(1)?👨‍🔬👨‍🦼

Answer 35

Speciation

Question 36

Why was the work of Gregor Mendel not recognised until after his death(1)👻💀😵🪦

Answer 36

There was no knowledge of chromosomes or genes

Question 37

State 3 factors that affect the rate of decay(3)😵📉

Answer 37

-temperature -water -oxygen availability

Question 38

Name the useful product of anaerobic decay(1)

Answer 38

Methane(biogas) which can be used as a fuel

Question 39

Name 3 environmental factors that affect the distribution of species(3)

Answer 39

-temperature -water availability -composition of atmospheric gases

Question 40

Name the types of organisms at the first trophic level in an ecosystem(1) 👽🛟

Answer 40

Plants and algae that make their own food(producers)

Question 41

Name the types of organisms at the second trophic level in an ecosystem (1)

Answer 41

Herbivores eat plants/algae and are called primary consumers

Question 42

Name the types of organisms at the third level in an ecosystem (1)

Answer 42

Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers

Question 43

Name the types of organisms at the fourth trophic level in an ecosystem (1)

Answer 43

Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers. Alex predators are carnivores with no predators

Question 44

What proportion of biomass is passed in from each trophic level to the level above? 🏋️‍♀️ (1)

Answer 44

Approximately 10%

Question 45

Give 3 reasons why biomass is lost between trophic levels(3)

Answer 45

-not all food is absorbed, some is lost as feces -some absorbed material is lost as waste such as carbon dioxide and water -large amounts of glucose is used in respiration

Question 46

Define food security (1) 🍔🚨🚓

Answer 46

Having enough food to feed a population

Question 47

List 6 factors that can affect food security (6) 🍔🚓🚨

Answer 47

-birth rate -changing diets -new pests or pathogens -environmental changes -cost of agricultural inputs -conflicts affecting availability of water and food

Question 48

List the ways in which the efficiency of food production can be improved (3) 🏭🍔

Answer 48

-restricting the energy transfer from animals to the environment (limit movement and control the temperature) -feed animals a high protein diet

Question 49

State 2 ways that fish stocks may be kept sustainable (2)🎣🐟🎏

Answer 49

Control of net size and fishing quotas (limit of number of fish that can be caught)

Question 50

Name the fungus used to produce mycoprotein (1) 🍖🥩

Answer 50

Fusarium

Question 51

State the conditions needed to grow fusarium (2)

Answer 51

Glucose syrup, in aerobic conditions

Question 52

Give a benefit of the use of genetically modified crops (1)👨‍🌾🌾

Answer 52

Higher yield of food with an improved nutritional value e.g. golden rice

Question 53

State the position and function of the hypothalamus🧠

Answer 53

-undersurface of the brain -sends signals to the pituitary -regulates body temp