Biology fc🧬 Flashcards
State the position and function of the cerebral cortex (cerebrum) (2) 🧠
The outer layer of your brains surface, on top of cerebellum
Makes you who you are e.g memory, thinking, learning, language
State the position and function of the cerebellum(2)🧠
Back of head, just above where spine connect to brain
Coordinate muscle movement, balance
State the position and function of the medulla(2)🧠
Tail-like structure at the base of the brain
Essential functions/ unconscious activity e.g. breathing, circulation, digestion
Give the reasons that make investigating brain disorders different🧠(2)
The brain is complex and delicate
Define “accommodation” with reference to the human eye👀
The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects
Describe how the eye focuses on near objects👀 (3)
-ciliary muscles contract
-suspensory ligaments loosen
-lens is thicker and refracts light rays strongly
Describe how the eye focuses on a distant object👀 (3)
-ciliary muscles relax
-suspensory ligaments are pulled tight
-lens is pulled thin and only slightly refracts light
Give the medical term for shortsightedness🫵 (1)
Myopia- need concave lenses to counteract over refraction
Give the medical term for long sightedness 🫵🚫 (1)
Hyperopia- need convex lenses for extra refracting
State 4 methods of correcting vision🤓😷 (4)
-spectacle lenses
-hard or soft contact lenses
-laser surgery—change shape of cornea
-replacement lens in eye
Describe the body response to high temperature🔥🥵 (3)
-vasodilation=widening of blood vessels
-sweat
which transfer energy from skin to environment
Describe the body response to low temperature🥶❄️ (3)
-vasoconstriction=blood vessels get smaller
-sweating stops
-skeletal muscles contract(shiver)
State the effect of the loss or gain of too much water by cells💦🔫 (1)
They do not function efficiently
Describe how excess protein is removed from the body 🥩 (4)
-digestion of proteins=excess amino acids(need to be safely excreted)
-amino acids form ammonia
-ammonia is toxic so converted to urea
Describe the function of kidneys in maintaining the water balance of the body🫘 (4)
Kidneys produce urine by:
-filtration of blood
-selective reabsorption of useful substances e.g. glucose, some ions and water
Describe how ADH affects the action of the kidneys🫘 (3)
ADH:
-released by the pituitary gland when blood is too concentrated(not enough water)
-causes more water to be reabsorbed into the blood from kidney tubules
-less urine
-controlled by negative feedback
How do auxins affect plant growth 🍀🌿(1)
Unequal distribution of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots (inhibits growth) and shoots (stimulates growth)
State the importance of gibberellins🌷☘️ (1)
Initiating seed germination(seed into seedling)
State the role of ethene in plant control and coordination🍀🌿 (2)
Controls cell division and ripening of fruits
State 3 uses of auxins (3)
-weed killers
-rooting powders
-promote flowering
State a use of ethene in the food industry 🍒🍇(1)
To control ripening of fruit during storage and transport
State 3 uses of gibberellins (3)
-end seed dormancy
-promote flowering
-increase fruit size
State 3 advantages of sexual reproduction🍼👶🏿 (3)
-variation in offspring
-if environment changes variation may give an advantage by natural selection
-natural selection can be sped up by humans in selective breeding
State 4 advantages of asexual reproduction (4)
-only 1 parent needed
-more time and energy efficient
-faster
-many identical offspring produced when conditions are favourable
Name the bases found in DNA and describe how they combine (2)
A joins either T(Anna and Tyrone)
G joins with C(Claudia and Gary)
How does a mutation in DNA affect a protein🧬 (3)
Mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape so enzyme no longer fits the substrate or structural protein may lose its strength
Name 4 methods of cloning (4)
-tissue culture
-cuttings
-embryo transplants
-adult cell cloning
Describe tissue culture (2)
Using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants
This is important for preserving rare plant species or commercially in nurseries
Describe embryo transplants as a method of cloning (2)
Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers
Describe the process of adult cell cloning🧑🧑🧒 (5)
-nucleus removed from unfertilised egg
-nucleus from adults body cell e.g. skin cell is inserted into egg cell
-electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo
-these contain same DNA as adult cell
-when embryo becomes ball of cells, it’s inserted into the womb of an adult female
Sequence the process of natural selection(4)
-variation within a population caused by a mutation -best adapted to the environment survive long enough to reproduce -genes are passed on to the next generation
Darwin published his ideals in which book? (1) 📕
On the Origin of Species
State 3 reasons why Darwin ideas were only gradually accepted(3) 🙏📕
-theory challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on Earth
-there was insufficient evidence at the time the theory was published to convinced many scientists
-the mechanism of inheritance and variation was not know until 50 years after the theory was published
Alfred Russel Wallace’s work contributed to which theory(1)?👨🔬👨🦼
Speciation
Alfred Russel Wallace’s work contributed to which theory(1)?👨🔬👨🦼
Speciation
Why was the work of Gregor Mendel not recognised until after his death(1)👻💀😵🪦
There was no knowledge of chromosomes or genes
State 3 factors that affect the rate of decay(3)😵📉
-temperature -water -oxygen availability
Name the useful product of anaerobic decay(1)
Methane(biogas) which can be used as a fuel
Name 3 environmental factors that affect the distribution of species(3)
-temperature -water availability -composition of atmospheric gases
Name the types of organisms at the first trophic level in an ecosystem(1) 👽🛟
Plants and algae that make their own food(producers)
Name the types of organisms at the second trophic level in an ecosystem (1)
Herbivores eat plants/algae and are called primary consumers
Name the types of organisms at the third level in an ecosystem (1)
Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers
Name the types of organisms at the fourth trophic level in an ecosystem (1)
Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers. Alex predators are carnivores with no predators
What proportion of biomass is passed in from each trophic level to the level above? 🏋️♀️ (1)
Approximately 10%
Give 3 reasons why biomass is lost between trophic levels(3)
-not all food is absorbed, some is lost as feces
-some absorbed material is lost as waste such as carbon dioxide and water
-large amounts of glucose is used in respiration
Define food security (1) 🍔🚨🚓
Having enough food to feed a population
List 6 factors that can affect food security (6) 🍔🚓🚨
-birth rate -changing diets -new pests or pathogens -environmental changes -cost of agricultural inputs -conflicts affecting availability of water and food
List the ways in which the efficiency of food production can be improved (3) 🏭🍔
-restricting the energy transfer from animals to the environment (limit movement and control the temperature)
-feed animals a high protein diet
State 2 ways that fish stocks may be kept sustainable (2)🎣🐟🎏
Control of net size and fishing quotas (limit of number of fish that can be caught)
Name the fungus used to produce mycoprotein (1) 🍖🥩
Fusarium
State the conditions needed to grow fusarium (2)
Glucose syrup, in aerobic conditions
Give a benefit of the use of genetically modified crops (1)👨🌾🌾
Higher yield of food with an improved nutritional value e.g. golden rice
State the position and function of the hypothalamus🧠
-undersurface of the brain
-sends signals to the pituitary
-regulates body temp
