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Science👩‍🔬 > Biology fc🧬 > Flashcards

Biology fc🧬 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the position and function of the cerebral cortex (cerebrum) (2) 🧠

A

The outer layer of your brains surface, on top of cerebellum
Makes you who you are e.g memory, thinking, learning, language

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2
Q

State the position and function of the cerebellum(2)🧠

A

Back of head, just above where spine connect to brain
Coordinate muscle movement, balance

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3
Q

State the position and function of the medulla(2)🧠

A

Tail-like structure at the base of the brain
Essential functions/ unconscious activity e.g. breathing, circulation, digestion

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4
Q

Give the reasons that make investigating brain disorders different🧠(2)

A

The brain is complex and delicate

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5
Q

Define “accommodation” with reference to the human eye👀

A

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

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6
Q

Describe how the eye focuses on near objects👀 (3)

A

-ciliary muscles contract
-suspensory ligaments loosen
-lens is thicker and refracts light rays strongly

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7
Q

Describe how the eye focuses on a distant object👀 (3)

A

-ciliary muscles relax
-suspensory ligaments are pulled tight
-lens is pulled thin and only slightly refracts light

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8
Q

Give the medical term for shortsightedness🫵 (1)

A

Myopia- need concave lenses to counteract over refraction

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9
Q

Give the medical term for long sightedness 🫵🚫 (1)

A

Hyperopia- need convex lenses for extra refracting

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10
Q

State 4 methods of correcting vision🤓😷 (4)

A

-spectacle lenses
-hard or soft contact lenses
-laser surgery—change shape of cornea
-replacement lens in eye

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11
Q

Describe the body response to high temperature🔥🥵 (3)

A

-vasodilation=widening of blood vessels
-sweat
which transfer energy from skin to environment

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12
Q

Describe the body response to low temperature🥶❄️ (3)

A

-vasoconstriction=blood vessels get smaller
-sweating stops
-skeletal muscles contract(shiver)

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13
Q

State the effect of the loss or gain of too much water by cells💦🔫 (1)

A

They do not function efficiently

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14
Q

Describe how excess protein is removed from the body 🥩 (4)

A

-digestion of proteins=excess amino acids(need to be safely excreted)
-amino acids form ammonia
-ammonia is toxic so converted to urea

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15
Q

Describe the function of kidneys in maintaining the water balance of the body🫘 (4)

A

Kidneys produce urine by:
-filtration of blood
-selective reabsorption of useful substances e.g. glucose, some ions and water

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16
Q

Describe how ADH affects the action of the kidneys🫘 (3)

A

ADH:
-released by the pituitary gland when blood is too concentrated(not enough water)
-causes more water to be reabsorbed into the blood from kidney tubules
-less urine
-controlled by negative feedback

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17
Q

How do auxins affect plant growth 🍀🌿(1)

A

Unequal distribution of auxin cause unequal growth rates in plant roots (inhibits growth) and shoots (stimulates growth)

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18
Q

State the importance of gibberellins🌷☘️ (1)

A

Initiating seed germination(seed into seedling)

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19
Q

State the role of ethene in plant control and coordination🍀🌿 (2)

A

Controls cell division and ripening of fruits

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20
Q

State 3 uses of auxins (3)

A

-weed killers
-rooting powders
-promote flowering

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21
Q

State a use of ethene in the food industry 🍒🍇(1)

A

To control ripening of fruit during storage and transport

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22
Q

State 3 uses of gibberellins (3)

A

-end seed dormancy
-promote flowering
-increase fruit size

23
Q

State 3 advantages of sexual reproduction🍼👶🏿 (3)

A

-variation in offspring
-if environment changes variation may give an advantage by natural selection
-natural selection can be sped up by humans in selective breeding

24
Q

State 4 advantages of asexual reproduction (4)

A

-only 1 parent needed
-more time and energy efficient
-faster
-many identical offspring produced when conditions are favourable

25
Q

Name the bases found in DNA and describe how they combine (2)

A

A joins either T(Anna and Tyrone)
G joins with C(Claudia and Gary)

26
Q

How does a mutation in DNA affect a protein🧬 (3)

A

Mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape so enzyme no longer fits the substrate or structural protein may lose its strength

27
Q

Name 4 methods of cloning (4)

A

-tissue culture
-cuttings
-embryo transplants
-adult cell cloning

28
Q

Describe tissue culture (2)

A

Using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants
This is important for preserving rare plant species or commercially in nurseries

29
Q

Describe embryo transplants as a method of cloning (2)

A

Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers

30
Q

Describe the process of adult cell cloning🧑‍🧑‍🧒 (5)

A

-nucleus removed from unfertilised egg
-nucleus from adults body cell e.g. skin cell is inserted into egg cell
-electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo
-these contain same DNA as adult cell
-when embryo becomes ball of cells, it’s inserted into the womb of an adult female

31
Q

Sequence the process of natural selection(4)

A

-variation within a population caused by a mutation -best adapted to the environment survive long enough to reproduce -genes are passed on to the next generation

32
Q

Darwin published his ideals in which book? (1) 📕

A

On the Origin of Species

33
Q

State 3 reasons why Darwin ideas were only gradually accepted(3) 🙏📕

A

-theory challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on Earth
-there was insufficient evidence at the time the theory was published to convinced many scientists
-the mechanism of inheritance and variation was not know until 50 years after the theory was published

34
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace’s work contributed to which theory(1)?👨‍🔬👨‍🦼

A

Speciation

35
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace’s work contributed to which theory(1)?👨‍🔬👨‍🦼

A

Speciation

36
Q

Why was the work of Gregor Mendel not recognised until after his death(1)👻💀😵🪦

A

There was no knowledge of chromosomes or genes

37
Q

State 3 factors that affect the rate of decay(3)😵📉

A

-temperature -water -oxygen availability

38
Q

Name the useful product of anaerobic decay(1)

A

Methane(biogas) which can be used as a fuel

39
Q

Name 3 environmental factors that affect the distribution of species(3)

A

-temperature -water availability -composition of atmospheric gases

40
Q

Name the types of organisms at the first trophic level in an ecosystem(1) 👽🛟

A

Plants and algae that make their own food(producers)

41
Q

Name the types of organisms at the second trophic level in an ecosystem (1)

A

Herbivores eat plants/algae and are called primary consumers

42
Q

Name the types of organisms at the third level in an ecosystem (1)

A

Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers

43
Q

Name the types of organisms at the fourth trophic level in an ecosystem (1)

A

Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers. Alex predators are carnivores with no predators

44
Q

What proportion of biomass is passed in from each trophic level to the level above? 🏋️‍♀️ (1)

A

Approximately 10%

45
Q

Give 3 reasons why biomass is lost between trophic levels(3)

A

-not all food is absorbed, some is lost as feces
-some absorbed material is lost as waste such as carbon dioxide and water
-large amounts of glucose is used in respiration

46
Q

Define food security (1) 🍔🚨🚓

A

Having enough food to feed a population

47
Q

List 6 factors that can affect food security (6) 🍔🚓🚨

A

-birth rate -changing diets -new pests or pathogens -environmental changes -cost of agricultural inputs -conflicts affecting availability of water and food

48
Q

List the ways in which the efficiency of food production can be improved (3) 🏭🍔

A

-restricting the energy transfer from animals to the environment (limit movement and control the temperature)
-feed animals a high protein diet

49
Q

State 2 ways that fish stocks may be kept sustainable (2)🎣🐟🎏

A

Control of net size and fishing quotas (limit of number of fish that can be caught)

50
Q

Name the fungus used to produce mycoprotein (1) 🍖🥩

A

Fusarium

51
Q

State the conditions needed to grow fusarium (2)

A

Glucose syrup, in aerobic conditions

52
Q

Give a benefit of the use of genetically modified crops (1)👨‍🌾🌾

A

Higher yield of food with an improved nutritional value e.g. golden rice

53
Q

State the position and function of the hypothalamus🧠

A

-undersurface of the brain
-sends signals to the pituitary
-regulates body temp

Science👩‍🔬 (4 decks)

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