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Biology > Biology Exam Review (Unit 2) > Flashcards

Biology Exam Review (Unit 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical reactions that occur in a cell or an organism

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2
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The process of providing the food necessary for health and growth

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3
Q

How are metabolism and nutrients related?

A

Metabolism is the process of turning nutrients into substances

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4
Q

What are biological molecules?

A

Biological molecules are complex chemicals. They are chemicals used in biological systems (living things)

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5
Q

Types of biological molecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
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6
Q

Elements that make up carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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7
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  • Used for energy
  • Cellulose: used to maintain the shape of a plant and tolerate turgor pressure.
  • Starch: energy store
  • Glycogen: stores energy in the liver and muscles (found in animals)
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8
Q

Subunits or monomers of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

Where are carbohydrates found?

A

Used in a cells and extensively in liver and muscle tissues

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10
Q

What is included in carbs?

A

Sugars, fibers, and starches

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11
Q

What are the main types of carbs

A
  1. Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
  2. Double sugars (disaccharides)
  3. Complex sugars (polysaccharides)
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12
Q

Elements that make up proteins

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

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13
Q

Function of proteins

A

Function in cell membranes, as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and movement

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14
Q

Subunits or monomers of proteins

A

Amino acids

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15
Q

Structure of proteins

A

There are 20 amino acids in proteins and they have a strong bond which is known as peptide bond. The shape determines on the sequence of amino acids.

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16
Q

Elements that make up lipids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (makes molecules hydrophobic)

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17
Q

Function of lipids

A
  • Used for energy
  • Steroids: cell to cell communication
  • Hormones
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18
Q

Where are lipids found?

A

In cell membranes, cholesterol, and in the nervous fat tissue

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19
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Liquid at room temperature (oil)

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20
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Solid at room temperature (butter)

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21
Q

Why are biological molecules so important?

A

They are useful chemicals that are needed by living organisms for metabolism

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22
Q

Carbohydrates include

A
  • Sugars: Quickly converted into energy and are found in soda, cookies, juice, and treats.
  • Fiber: Can’t be digested or used for energy and are found in beans, nuts, and seeds.
  • Starches: Takes longer to convert into energy and are found on bread, pasta, vegetables, rice, and fruits
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23
Q

3 main types of sugars

A
  1. Simple sugars (monosaccharides): galactose, glucose, and fructose.
    - Double sugars (disaccharides): lactose, sucrose (table sugar), and maltose.
    - Complex sugars (polysaccharides): Whole grain foods and starchy vegetables.
24
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose: a simple sugar made in photosynthesis and used in respiration and transported in blood.

25
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sucrose: a double sugar molecule made up of two molecules of simple sugars joined by a chemical bond.

26
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Made by joining many simple sugar molecules together by chemical bonds. Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are examples of these complex sugars

27
Q

Types of complex sugars

A
  1. Cellulose: found in cell walls of plant cells. It is used to maintain the shape of a plant because of its strength and it can tolerate turgor pressure.
  2. Starch: plant cells can change glucose into starch. Plants store starch as an energy store.
  3. Glycogen (animal starch): another complex carbohydrate made from glucose by animals as a store of energy in the liver and muscles.
28
Q

Lipids: fat

A

It is made up of one molecule of glycerol attached to three fatty acids

29
Q

Functions of fats

A

Fats are used for energy storage and thermal insulation in the body

30
Q

Functions of steroids

A

Hormones/steroids are used for communication between the cells in the body and they are made of mostly carbon and hydrogen

31
Q

How to test for starch - Lugol test

A

Use iodine solution to see if the extract has starch and the solution has a yellow/light brown color so if it turns into a blue-black color it is a positive result for starch but it remains the same if it does not have starch

32
Q

Testing for reducing sugars

A

Use Benedict’s solution to see if the extract has reducing sugars and it is a bright blue color and it will change to red or orange if the extract has a positive result for sugars but if it does not contain reducing sugars it remains blue

33
Q

Testing for proteins

A

Use Biruet solution to see if the extract contains proteins and the color is blue and if it has a positive result for protein it will turn purple, violet, or lilac but if it has no protein it will remain blue

34
Q

Testing for fats

A

Use ethanol to check for fats and if it turns milky or cloudy that means it is a positive test for fat but it will remain the same if there is no fat

35
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking down the foods we eat so that our body can get nutrients.

36
Q

What is a small intestine?

A

They absorb most of the food and they are long but have a small diameter

37
Q

What is a large intestine?

A

They produce and absorb vitamins and water and have a wide diameter that is large so it is tube shaped and connects to the small intestine and anus. The large intestine can also be called a colon.

38
Q

Digestion process

A
  • Mechanical = chewing (physical breaking)
  • Chemical = enzymes that break food into molecules
39
Q

What is a digestive tract?

A

The organs that food and liquids travel through after they are swallowed, broken down, absorbed, and they leave the body as waste.

40
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the process of particles (atoms, molecules, ions etc.) moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. They diffuse DOWN the concentration gradient.

41
Q

How does diffusion apply to the digestive system?

A

Nutrients are absorbed by the cells in the villi of the small intestine.

42
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solution is made up of a solute (like salt) and a solvent (like water).

43
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance dissolving.

44
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid the solute dissolves.

45
Q

What is a solution?

A

The solute dissolved in solvent.

46
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a solution with a high concentration of water to a solution with a low concentration of water

47
Q

Why do we feel thirsty after eating salty food?

A

The salt sucks the water out of our body.

48
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that only lets some substances pass and others not

49
Q

What is a water potential gradient?

A

If the solute concentration of a solution increases, the potential for the water in that solution decreases.

50
Q

3 types of solutions

A
  1. Hypotonic = less solute
  2. Isotonic = same
  3. Hypertonic = high solute
51
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Equal and constant movement from particles from one side to another

52
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

The same amount of particles in all areas.

53
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport takes molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration using energy (ATP). It is the opposite of diffusion.

54
Q

Why does active transport need effort?

A

It needs more effort because they are going up the concentration gradient.

55
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

Mitochondria (cellular respiration)

56
Q

What is a dilute solution?

A

Dilute solutions have low concentration of solute.

57
Q

What is a concentrated solution?

A

Concentrated solutions have a high concentration of solute.

Biology (4 decks)

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