Biology Exam Review (Unit 1) Flashcards
What are the 6 kingdoms?
- Animalia (eukaryotic, multicellular)
- Fungi (eukaryotic, multicellular)
- Plantae (eukaryotic, multicellular)
- Protista (eukaryotic, uni or multicellular)
- Eubacteria (prokaryotic, unicellular)
- Archaebacteria (prokaryotic, unicellular)
What are cells?
The basic unit of life.
Examples of cells
- Palisade mesophyll cell
- Sperm cell
- Human egg cell
- Nerve cell
- White blood cell
- Red blood cell
Levels of organization
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organisms
What is a tissue?
Cells with the same function that are grouped together to form tissues.
What is an organ?
Different tissues that work together make up organs.
What is an organ system?
Different organs that work together make up organ systems.
What are organisms?
Organ systems that work together make an organism.
What is a circulatory system?
It is a blood transport system.
Parts of the circulatory system
- Heart: pumps blood by contracting
- Artery: carries blood away from the heart
- Veins: carries blood to the heart
- Capillary: connects veins to arteries
Function and structure of arteries
- Elastic with thick walls
- In areas with high blood pressure
- Blood flows in arteries away from the heart to different organs.
Function and structure of veins
- Thin walls with valves
- Have a wide diameter compared to other vessels
- Low pressure
- Blood flows back towards the heart through the veins
Function and structure of veins
- Thin walls with valves
- Have a wide diameter compared to other vessels
- Low pressure
- Blood flows back towards the heart through the veins
Valves function
Valves open to let the blood flow towards the heart and they close to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
Structure and function of capillaries
- Very small and thin
- Blood flows very slowly
- Joins arteries to veins
What are the 3 blood vessels?
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
What is a single circulatory system (closed)?
Blood flows through the heart once during a complete circuit of the body (fish have this system).
What is a double circulatory system (closed)?
Blood goes through the heart twice during one circuit of the body (mammals and birds have this system).
What is oxygenated blood?
When blood carries oxygen and it is usually red in diagrams.
What is deoxygenated blood?
Blood that has delivered the oxygen and picked up carbon dioxide and it is usually blue in diagrams.
What makes blood red?
Iron
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
- Right atrium
- Left atrium
- Right ventricle
- Left ventricle
Function of superior vena cava
Deoxygenated blood from body towards heart
Function of inferior vena cava
Deoxygenated blood from body towards heart
Function of aorta
Oxygenated blood from heart to body
Function of pulmonary artery
Deoxygenated blood from heart towards lungs
Function of pulmonary vein
Oxygenated blood from lungs towards heart
Structure of the 2 atria
Thin-walled chambers that receive blood from the veins
Structure of the 2 ventricles
Thick-walled chambers that forcefully pump blood out of the heart
What does pulmonary relate to?
It relates to the lungs.
What is the function of the septum?
The septum prevents deoxygenated blood on the right side from mixing with oxygenated blood on the left side
What is the function of the immune system?
The function of the immune system is to fight harmful substances and germs from entering the body
What are pathogens?
An organism that causes disease
What are the types of pathogens?
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Worms
- Fungi
- Protista
Immune system: first line of defense (innate immunity)
- Nonspecific
- Mucus, skin, secretions (sweat and tears), and acid
- Stops pathogens (physical barrier)
Immune system: second line of defense (innate immunity)
- Nonspecific
- White blood cells release histamines:
a. Dilate (expand) blood vessels
b. Increased white blood cells (phagocytes)
c. Increase body temperature (fever) - Makes antibodies
- Once pathogens are inside they are attacked (macrophages)
Immune system: third line of defense (adaptive immunity) CELL-MEDIATED
- Specific
- WBC (cytotoxic T cell, helper T cells, Memory B and T cells)
- Mast cells (inflammation)
- Immune response (Destroys cells infected by pathogens)
Immune system: third line of defense (adaptive immunity) HUMORAL
- Specific
- B cells and T cells (memory cells)
- Antibodies –> antigens
- Produces antibodies
What is an antigen?
A toxic substance that the immune responds to
What are antibiotics?
A medicine that fights infections.
What are antibodies?
Proteins that help destroy pathogens
What are the innate immune responses?
- Sneezing
- Coughing
- Diarrhea
What does the adaptive immune system do?
It consists of B and T cells, B cells make antibodies and T cells show B cells what kinds of antibodies to make. T cells kill virus-infected cells so the virus can’t spread. When the pathogen enters the body the adaptive immune system responds quickly and prevent infections.
How does the immune system interact with the circulatory system?
It helps your heart stay healthy and prevents it from infections or dieases
Characteristics of living things
- Movement
- Respiration
- Sensitivity
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Excretion
- Nutrition
Function of cell membrane
Cell membrane allows some substances in the cell (semipermeable) and all cells have a cell membrane and it is also called the plasma membrane
What is a feature only plant cells have?
Cell wall
What is a cytoplasm?
Where fluids are stored
What does semipermeable mean?
The cell membrane allows some substances into the cell but some are blocked from entering.
What is the function of the nucleus?
It controls the DNA which controls protein synthesis and it is responsible for making ribosomes (proteins)
What is the fluid inside the nucleus called?
The nucleoplasm
What is rough ER?
They are covered in ribosomes which gives it a rough appearance and the ribosomes make proteins and transport materials to the golgi apparatus.
What are lysosomes?
An organelle that contains digestive enzymes
What is smooth ER?
They make proteins and lipids that will be exported by the cell and they also control calcium levels in muscles and remove toxins.
What is a mitochondria?
Large organelles found in all kinds of eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells and they produce ATP (a substance that provides energy) and a mitochondria can be described as a powerhouse
What are chloroplasts?
Organelles containing chlorophyll which is used in photosynthesis
What is the function of large central vacuoles?
They store water and help the cell wall make the plants stand up
Function of other vacuoles
They pump water out of cells and store cells in flower petals
