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Biology > Biology Exam Review (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Biology Exam Review (Unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A
  1. Animalia (eukaryotic, multicellular)
  2. Fungi (eukaryotic, multicellular)
  3. Plantae (eukaryotic, multicellular)
  4. Protista (eukaryotic, uni or multicellular)
  5. Eubacteria (prokaryotic, unicellular)
  6. Archaebacteria (prokaryotic, unicellular)
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2
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic unit of life.

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3
Q

Examples of cells

A
  • Palisade mesophyll cell
  • Sperm cell
  • Human egg cell
  • Nerve cell
  • White blood cell
  • Red blood cell
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4
Q

Levels of organization

A
  1. Cells
  2. Tissues
  3. Organs
  4. Organ systems
  5. Organisms
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5
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Cells with the same function that are grouped together to form tissues.

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6
Q

What is an organ?

A

Different tissues that work together make up organs.

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7
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Different organs that work together make up organ systems.

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8
Q

What are organisms?

A

Organ systems that work together make an organism.

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9
Q

What is a circulatory system?

A

It is a blood transport system.

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10
Q

Parts of the circulatory system

A
  • Heart: pumps blood by contracting
  • Artery: carries blood away from the heart
  • Veins: carries blood to the heart
  • Capillary: connects veins to arteries
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11
Q

Function and structure of arteries

A
  • Elastic with thick walls
  • In areas with high blood pressure
  • Blood flows in arteries away from the heart to different organs.
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12
Q

Function and structure of veins

A
  • Thin walls with valves
  • Have a wide diameter compared to other vessels
  • Low pressure
  • Blood flows back towards the heart through the veins
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12
Q

Function and structure of veins

A
  • Thin walls with valves
  • Have a wide diameter compared to other vessels
  • Low pressure
  • Blood flows back towards the heart through the veins
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13
Q

Valves function

A

Valves open to let the blood flow towards the heart and they close to prevent blood from flowing backwards.

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14
Q

Structure and function of capillaries

A
  • Very small and thin
  • Blood flows very slowly
  • Joins arteries to veins
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15
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
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16
Q

What is a single circulatory system (closed)?

A

Blood flows through the heart once during a complete circuit of the body (fish have this system).

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17
Q

What is a double circulatory system (closed)?

A

Blood goes through the heart twice during one circuit of the body (mammals and birds have this system).

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18
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

When blood carries oxygen and it is usually red in diagrams.

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19
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood that has delivered the oxygen and picked up carbon dioxide and it is usually blue in diagrams.

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20
Q

What makes blood red?

A

Iron

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21
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Left atrium
  3. Right ventricle
  4. Left ventricle
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22
Q

Function of superior vena cava

A

Deoxygenated blood from body towards heart

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23
Q

Function of inferior vena cava

A

Deoxygenated blood from body towards heart

24
Q

Function of aorta

A

Oxygenated blood from heart to body

25
Q

Function of pulmonary artery

A

Deoxygenated blood from heart towards lungs

26
Q

Function of pulmonary vein

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs towards heart

27
Q

Structure of the 2 atria

A

Thin-walled chambers that receive blood from the veins

28
Q

Structure of the 2 ventricles

A

Thick-walled chambers that forcefully pump blood out of the heart

29
Q

What does pulmonary relate to?

A

It relates to the lungs.

30
Q

What is the function of the septum?

A

The septum prevents deoxygenated blood on the right side from mixing with oxygenated blood on the left side

31
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

The function of the immune system is to fight harmful substances and germs from entering the body

32
Q

What are pathogens?

A

An organism that causes disease

33
Q

What are the types of pathogens?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Worms
  4. Fungi
  5. Protista
34
Q

Immune system: first line of defense (innate immunity)

A
  • Nonspecific
  • Mucus, skin, secretions (sweat and tears), and acid
  • Stops pathogens (physical barrier)
35
Q

Immune system: second line of defense (innate immunity)

A
  • Nonspecific
  • White blood cells release histamines:
    a. Dilate (expand) blood vessels
    b. Increased white blood cells (phagocytes)
    c. Increase body temperature (fever)
  • Makes antibodies
  • Once pathogens are inside they are attacked (macrophages)
36
Q

Immune system: third line of defense (adaptive immunity) CELL-MEDIATED

A
  • Specific
  • WBC (cytotoxic T cell, helper T cells, Memory B and T cells)
  • Mast cells (inflammation)
  • Immune response (Destroys cells infected by pathogens)
37
Q

Immune system: third line of defense (adaptive immunity) HUMORAL

A
  • Specific
  • B cells and T cells (memory cells)
  • Antibodies –> antigens
  • Produces antibodies
38
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A toxic substance that the immune responds to

39
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

A medicine that fights infections.

40
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that help destroy pathogens

41
Q

What are the innate immune responses?

A
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
  • Diarrhea
42
Q

What does the adaptive immune system do?

A

It consists of B and T cells, B cells make antibodies and T cells show B cells what kinds of antibodies to make. T cells kill virus-infected cells so the virus can’t spread. When the pathogen enters the body the adaptive immune system responds quickly and prevent infections.

43
Q

How does the immune system interact with the circulatory system?

A

It helps your heart stay healthy and prevents it from infections or dieases

44
Q

Characteristics of living things

A
  • Movement
  • Respiration
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
45
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Cell membrane allows some substances in the cell (semipermeable) and all cells have a cell membrane and it is also called the plasma membrane

46
Q

What is a feature only plant cells have?

A

Cell wall

47
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

Where fluids are stored

48
Q

What does semipermeable mean?

A

The cell membrane allows some substances into the cell but some are blocked from entering.

49
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It controls the DNA which controls protein synthesis and it is responsible for making ribosomes (proteins)

50
Q

What is the fluid inside the nucleus called?

A

The nucleoplasm

51
Q

What is rough ER?

A

They are covered in ribosomes which gives it a rough appearance and the ribosomes make proteins and transport materials to the golgi apparatus.

52
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

An organelle that contains digestive enzymes

53
Q

What is smooth ER?

A

They make proteins and lipids that will be exported by the cell and they also control calcium levels in muscles and remove toxins.

54
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

Large organelles found in all kinds of eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells and they produce ATP (a substance that provides energy) and a mitochondria can be described as a powerhouse

55
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles containing chlorophyll which is used in photosynthesis

56
Q

What is the function of large central vacuoles?

A

They store water and help the cell wall make the plants stand up

57
Q

Function of other vacuoles

A

They pump water out of cells and store cells in flower petals

Biology (4 decks)

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