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biology exam 2 (chapters 8-14) > Biology Exam 2 (Chapters 8-14) > Flashcards

Biology Exam 2 (Chapters 8-14) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as

A

reabsorption

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2
Q

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ promotes bone resorption but is also necessary for bone deposition.

A

calcitriol

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3
Q

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of _________ of the metaphysis.

A

cell proliferation

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4
Q

Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

A

False

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5
Q

The ___________ is an example of bone as an organ; ___________ bone is an example of bone as a tissue.

A

femur; spongy

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6
Q

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.

A

hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called __________, and they contain __________.

A

lacunae; osteocytes

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8
Q

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?

A

Transitional epithelium

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9
Q

A radiograph (X-ray) of a child’s hand will show epiphyseal lines.

A

False

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10
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

A

Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling

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11
Q

Spicules and trabeculae are found in __________.

A

spongy bone

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12
Q

Intramembranous ossification is common in children, whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.

A

False

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12
Q

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the _________.

A

epiphyseal plate

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13
Q

Osteoporosis is more common in elderly females because of the lack of _________.

A

estrogen

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14
Q

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to __________.

A

parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

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15
Q

Red bone marrow is important in the production of new bone cells.

A

False

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16
Q

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________.

A

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

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17
Q

Wolff’s law of bone explains the effect of __________.

A

mechanical stress on bone remodeling

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18
Q

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?

A

Osteoclasts

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19
Q

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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20
Q

The shoulder is the only multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint in the human body.

A

False

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21
Q

Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called __________.

A

sutures

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22
Q

Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?

A

Some separate bones gradually fuse with age.

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23
Q

All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton, except the __________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton

A

scapula

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24
Q

Which of the following is the most stable joint?

A

coxal joint

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25
Q

The most movable joints are ___________ joints.

A

synovial

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26
Q

Bursae are structures associated with fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

A

False

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27
Q

A(n) __________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint.

A

bursa

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28
Q

Which of the following structures prevents knee hyperextension?

A

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

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29
Q

A meniscus is a type of bursa seen in the space between the femur and tibia.

A

False

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30
Q

Which of the following is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?

A

the knee

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31
Q

When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints _________blank to lift your body weight.

A

extend

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32
Q

A monoaxial joint, like the elbow, is capable of which one of the following movements?

A

Flexion and extension

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33
Q

The metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of the fingers are ___________ joints.

A

condylar

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34
Q

The jaw joint is the articulation of the __________ and the __________.

A

mandible; temporal bone

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35
Q

Radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movements of the __________ joint.

A

elbow

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36
Q

The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a

A

symphysis

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37
Q

Which of the following structures is not found in the shoulder?

A

the radioulnar ligament

38
Q

The __________ bursa is not an accessory structure of the glenohumeral joint.

A

subpatellar

39
Q

The rectus femoris is an example of what muscle shape?

A

Pennate

40
Q

Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called ___________.

A

fasicles

41
Q

Which term refers to a muscle that prevents a bone from moving during an action?

A

Fixator

42
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the muscular system?

A

Secretion

43
Q

What term best describes the relationship between the pronator quadratus and supinator?

A

Antagonists

44
Q

The antagonist to the triceps brachii is the _________blank.

A

biceps brachii

45
Q

Which of the following describes muscular tissue emerging directly from bone rather than being separated from it by an obvious tendon?

A

direct attachment

46
Q

Which connective tissue layer bundles muscle fibers together into fascicles?

A

Perimysium

46
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?

A

Plasicity

47
Q

Which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin filaments?

A

A band

48
Q

A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n)

A

elastic filament

49
Q

A skeletal muscle fiber (cell) contains a single nucleus.

A

False

50
Q

Bony (synostosis)

A

immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies, and they become a single bone

51
Q

Fibrous (synarthrosis)

A

a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them and penetrate into the other

52
Q

Three types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures- fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement
Gomphoses- fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement
Syndesmoses-fibers are longer, and the attached bones are more mobile

53
Q

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)

A

two bones are linked by cartilage

54
Q

Two types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses- a joint in which the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
Symphyses- two bones are joined by fibrocartilage

55
Q

Synovial (diarthrosis)

A
  • a point where two bones are separated by a narrow, encapsulated space filled with synovial fluid; freely mobile
56
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

A

i.e, the shoulder and hip joints (the only multiaxial joints in the body); one bone has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cuplike socket on the other

57
Q

Condylar (ellipsoid) joints

A

exhibit an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other (i.e, the radiocarpal joint of the wrists); biaxial joints, capable of movement in two planes

58
Q

Saddle joints

A

both bones have a saddle-shaped surface that is concave in one direction (front-rear) and convex in the other (left-to-right); biaxial; sternoclavicular joint

59
Q

Plane (gliding) joints

A

bone surfaces are flat; adjacent bones slide over each other and have limited movement, i.e, carpal bones of the wrist; biaxial

60
Q

Hinge joints

A

monaxial joints, moving freely in one plane with very little movement in any other, like a door hinge, i.e, elbow and knee

61
Q

Pivot joints

A

monaxial joints in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis like a bicycle wheel spinning on its axle; i.e, radioulnar joint

62
Q

Functions of Muscles

A

Movement
Stability
Control of body openings and passages
Heat production
Hormone secretion
Glycemic control

63
Q

Endomysium

A

thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounded each muscle fiber

64
Q
A
65
Q

Epimysium

A

fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle

66
Q

Perimysium

A

thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles

66
Q

Fascia

A

sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other

67
Q

Fusiform muscles

A

thick in the middle, with fascicles converging on each tapered end (i.e, biceps brachii)

67
Q

Parallel muscles

A

fairly uniform width and parallel fascicles (i.e, sartorius of the thigh)

68
Q

Triangular muscles

A

fan-shaped muscle that is broad at one end with fascicles converging on the other, narrower end (i.e, pectoralis major in the chest)

69
Q

Pennate muscles

A

feather-shaped; fascicles insert on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle (i.e, deltoid of the shoulder)

70
Q

Circular muscles

A

have fascicles in rings around certain body openings and passages. When they contract, they constrict the opening and tend to prevent the passage of material through it (i.e, external urethral)

71
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A

muscles that act upon a designated organ or region, such as the hand, but arise from another region such as the forearm

72
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A

any muscles that are contained entirely within a region of interest

73
Q

Prime mover (agonist)

A

the muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action

73
Q

Synergist

A

the muscle that aids the prime mover

74
Q

Antagonist

A

the muscle that opposes the prime mover

75
Q

Fixator

A

the muscle that prevents a bone from moving

76
Q

Excitability (responsiveness)

A

when stimulated by chemical signals, stretch, and other stimuli, muscle cells respond with electrical changes across the plasma membrane

77
Q

Conductivity

A

simulation of a muscle cell produces more than a local effect; sets off a wave of excitation that travels rapidly along the cell and initiates processes leading to contraction

78
Q

Contractility

A

shorten substantially when stimulated, which enables them to pull on bones and other organs to create movement

79
Q

Extensibility

A

the ability to stretch again between contractions; most skeletal muscle cells can stretch to as much as three times their contracted length

80
Q

Elasticity

A

when a muscle cell is stretched and then released, it recoils to a shorter length

80
Q

Sacrolemma

A

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Has tubular infoldings called transverse (T) tubules, which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side

81
Q

Sacroplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle fiber; contains an abundance of glycogen and myoglobin

81
Q

Myofibrils

A

occupy sarcoplasm; long protein cords that extend the entire length of the cell

82
Q

Myofilimants

A

each myofibril is a bundle of parallel proteins called myofilaments

82
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticiulm (SR)

A

Forms a network around each myofibril
Has dilated end sacs called terminal cisterns, which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other

83
Q

Thick filaments

A

15 nm in diameter
Made of several hundred molecules of a motor protein called myosin, each myosin molecule has a shaftlike tail and a double globular head

84
Q

Thin filaments

A

7 nm in diameter
Composed of two intertwined strands of a protein called fibrous (F) actin, a string of subunits called globular (G) actin
Each G actin has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin molecule
Has molecules of another protein called tropomyosin
When a muscle fiber is relaxed, each tropomyosin blocks the active sites of G actins and prevents myosin from binding to them
Each tropomyosin molecule has a smaller, two-part calcium-binding protein called troponin bound to it

84
Q

Elastic filaments

A

1 nm in diameter
Made of a huge springy protein called titin
Run through the core of each thick filament and anchor it to structures called the Z disc at one end and M line at the other
Titin stabilizes the thick filament, prevents overstretching, and recoils like spring after a muscle is stretched

biology exam 2 (chapters 8-14) (2 decks)

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