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Biology Exam 2 (Chapters 8-14) > Biology Exam 2 (Chapters 8-14) > Flashcards

Biology Exam 2 (Chapters 8-14) Flashcards

1
Q

The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as

A

reabsorption

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2
Q

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ promotes bone resorption but is also necessary for bone deposition.

A

calcitriol

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3
Q

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of _________ of the metaphysis.

A

cell proliferation

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4
Q

Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

A

False

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5
Q

The ___________ is an example of bone as an organ; ___________ bone is an example of bone as a tissue.

A

femur; spongy

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6
Q

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.

A

hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called __________, and they contain __________.

A

lacunae; osteocytes

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8
Q

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?

A

Transitional epithelium

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9
Q

A radiograph (X-ray) of a child’s hand will show epiphyseal lines.

A

False

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10
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

A

Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling

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11
Q

Spicules and trabeculae are found in __________.

A

spongy bone

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12
Q

Intramembranous ossification is common in children, whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.

A

False

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12
Q

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the _________.

A

epiphyseal plate

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13
Q

Osteoporosis is more common in elderly females because of the lack of _________.

A

estrogen

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14
Q

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to __________.

A

parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

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15
Q

Red bone marrow is important in the production of new bone cells.

A

False

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16
Q

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________.

A

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

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17
Q

Wolff’s law of bone explains the effect of __________.

A

mechanical stress on bone remodeling

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18
Q

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?

A

Osteoclasts

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19
Q

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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20
Q

The shoulder is the only multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint in the human body.

A

False

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21
Q

Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called __________.

A

sutures

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22
Q

Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?

A

Some separate bones gradually fuse with age.

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23
Q

All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton, except the __________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton

A

scapula

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24
Which of the following is the most stable joint?
coxal joint
25
The most movable joints are ___________ joints.
synovial
26
Bursae are structures associated with fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
False
27
A(n) __________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint.
bursa
28
Which of the following structures prevents knee hyperextension?
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
29
A meniscus is a type of bursa seen in the space between the femur and tibia.
False
30
Which of the following is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?
the knee
31
When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints _________blank to lift your body weight.
extend
32
A monoaxial joint, like the elbow, is capable of which one of the following movements?
Flexion and extension
33
The metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of the fingers are ___________ joints.
condylar
34
The jaw joint is the articulation of the __________ and the __________.
mandible; temporal bone
35
Radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movements of the __________ joint.
elbow
36
The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a
symphysis
37
Which of the following structures is not found in the shoulder?
the radioulnar ligament
38
The __________ bursa is not an accessory structure of the glenohumeral joint.
subpatellar
39
The rectus femoris is an example of what muscle shape?
Pennate
40
Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called ___________.
fasicles
41
Which term refers to a muscle that prevents a bone from moving during an action?
Fixator
42
Which of the following is not a function of the muscular system?
Secretion
43
What term best describes the relationship between the pronator quadratus and supinator?
Antagonists
44
The antagonist to the triceps brachii is the _________blank.
biceps brachii
45
Which of the following describes muscular tissue emerging directly from bone rather than being separated from it by an obvious tendon?
direct attachment
46
Which connective tissue layer bundles muscle fibers together into fascicles?
Perimysium
46
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?
Plasicity
47
Which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin filaments?
A band
48
A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n)
elastic filament
49
A skeletal muscle fiber (cell) contains a single nucleus.
False
50
Bony (synostosis)
immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies, and they become a single bone
51
Fibrous (synarthrosis)
a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them and penetrate into the other
52
Three types of fibrous joints
Sutures- fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement Gomphoses- fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement Syndesmoses-fibers are longer, and the attached bones are more mobile
53
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)
two bones are linked by cartilage
54
Two types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses- a joint in which the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage Symphyses- two bones are joined by fibrocartilage
55
Synovial (diarthrosis)
- a point where two bones are separated by a narrow, encapsulated space filled with synovial fluid; freely mobile
56
Ball-and-socket joints
i.e, the shoulder and hip joints (the only multiaxial joints in the body); one bone has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cuplike socket on the other
57
Condylar (ellipsoid) joints
exhibit an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other (i.e, the radiocarpal joint of the wrists); biaxial joints, capable of movement in two planes
58
Saddle joints
both bones have a saddle-shaped surface that is concave in one direction (front-rear) and convex in the other (left-to-right); biaxial; sternoclavicular joint
59
Plane (gliding) joints
bone surfaces are flat; adjacent bones slide over each other and have limited movement, i.e, carpal bones of the wrist; biaxial
60
Hinge joints
monaxial joints, moving freely in one plane with very little movement in any other, like a door hinge, i.e, elbow and knee
61
Pivot joints
monaxial joints in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis like a bicycle wheel spinning on its axle; i.e, radioulnar joint
62
Functions of Muscles
Movement Stability Control of body openings and passages Heat production Hormone secretion Glycemic control
63
Endomysium
thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounded each muscle fiber
64
65
Epimysium
fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle
66
Perimysium
thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles
66
Fascia
sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other
67
Fusiform muscles
thick in the middle, with fascicles converging on each tapered end (i.e, biceps brachii)
67
Parallel muscles
fairly uniform width and parallel fascicles (i.e, sartorius of the thigh)
68
Triangular muscles
fan-shaped muscle that is broad at one end with fascicles converging on the other, narrower end (i.e, pectoralis major in the chest)
69
Pennate muscles
feather-shaped; fascicles insert on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle (i.e, deltoid of the shoulder)
70
Circular muscles
have fascicles in rings around certain body openings and passages. When they contract, they constrict the opening and tend to prevent the passage of material through it (i.e, external urethral)
71
Extrinsic muscles
muscles that act upon a designated organ or region, such as the hand, but arise from another region such as the forearm
72
Intrinsic muscles
any muscles that are contained entirely within a region of interest
73
Prime mover (agonist)
the muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action
73
Synergist
the muscle that aids the prime mover
74
Antagonist
the muscle that opposes the prime mover
75
Fixator
the muscle that prevents a bone from moving
76
Excitability (responsiveness)
when stimulated by chemical signals, stretch, and other stimuli, muscle cells respond with electrical changes across the plasma membrane
77
Conductivity
simulation of a muscle cell produces more than a local effect; sets off a wave of excitation that travels rapidly along the cell and initiates processes leading to contraction
78
Contractility
shorten substantially when stimulated, which enables them to pull on bones and other organs to create movement
79
Extensibility
the ability to stretch again between contractions; most skeletal muscle cells can stretch to as much as three times their contracted length
80
Elasticity
when a muscle cell is stretched and then released, it recoils to a shorter length
80
Sacrolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber Has tubular infoldings called transverse (T) tubules, which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side
81
Sacroplasm
cytoplasm of muscle fiber; contains an abundance of glycogen and myoglobin
81
Myofibrils
occupy sarcoplasm; long protein cords that extend the entire length of the cell
82
Myofilimants
each myofibril is a bundle of parallel proteins called myofilaments
82
Sarcoplasmic reticiulm (SR)
Forms a network around each myofibril Has dilated end sacs called terminal cisterns, which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other
83
Thick filaments
15 nm in diameter Made of several hundred molecules of a motor protein called myosin, each myosin molecule has a shaftlike tail and a double globular head
84
Thin filaments
7 nm in diameter Composed of two intertwined strands of a protein called fibrous (F) actin, a string of subunits called globular (G) actin Each G actin has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin molecule Has molecules of another protein called tropomyosin When a muscle fiber is relaxed, each tropomyosin blocks the active sites of G actins and prevents myosin from binding to them Each tropomyosin molecule has a smaller, two-part calcium-binding protein called troponin bound to it
84
Elastic filaments
1 nm in diameter Made of a huge springy protein called titin Run through the core of each thick filament and anchor it to structures called the Z disc at one end and M line at the other Titin stabilizes the thick filament, prevents overstretching, and recoils like spring after a muscle is stretched

Biology Exam 2 (Chapters 8-14) (2 decks)

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