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Chemistry 1004 > Biology Exam 1 Study > Flashcards

Biology Exam 1 Study Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the steps of scientific thinking?

A

Observe, hypothesize, predict, experiment, & conclusion

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2
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

a negative statement proposing that no relationship exists between two factors

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3
Q

What does a good hypothesis do?

A

generate a testable prediction

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4
Q

What are theories?

A

-hypotheses of which scientists are most certain of
-have been repeatedly tested
-are broader in scope than hypotheses

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5
Q

What is a blind experiment design?

A

the experimental subject don’t know which treatment (if any) they are recieving

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6
Q

What is a double-blind experiment?

A

neither subject nor experimenter knows which treatment (if any) the subjects are receiving

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7
Q

Technology is not science, it is:

A

the application of research

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of all living organisms?

A

-complex, ordered, consisting of one or more cells
-uses and transforms energy to perform work
-responds to external environment
-regulation & homeostasis, growth, evolution

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9
Q

What is an element?

A

a pure substance that cannot be broken down chemically into other substances

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10
Q

What is an atom?

A

a bit of matter that cannot be subdivided any further without losing its essential properties

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11
Q

What is an isotope?

A

an atom of the same element that has a different number of neutrons

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12
Q

How many elements make up the human body? What are the big 4?

A

-25
-Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen

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13
Q

An atom’s electrons determine:

A

whether (and how) the atom will bond together

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14
Q

of protons is equal to

A

of electrons

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15
Q

What’s so special about carbon?

A

-it is able to share its 4 valence electrons with up to 4 other atoms
-this means a huge variety of complex molecules are possible
-carbon mostly bonds with the big 4

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16
Q

What are ions?

A

charged atoms

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17
Q

Describe ionic bonds

A

-a TRADE of electrons
-two oppositely charged ions attract each other
-results in neutral compounds
-strong bond
-ex:salt

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18
Q

Describe covalent bonds

A

-2 atoms SHARE electrons
-the electron cloud surrounds them both
-single or double covalent bond
-strongest bond
-ex: skin, a desk, the floor

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19
Q

Describe hydrogen bonds

A

-bonds between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule
-weakest bond
-ex: water

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20
Q

What are molecules?

A

a group of atoms chemically bonded

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21
Q

Bond energy is dependent on ?

A

the atoms involved

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22
Q

Chemical reactions:

A

involve the breaking and forming of bonds

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23
Q

Why is water crucial to life?

A

-hydrogen bonds make water cohesive (water carries nutrients)
-high heat capacity (water absorbs heat from the sun)
-lower density when frozen (ice floats, life can still live under ice)
-it’s a good solvent (good for breaking up molecules = easier to carry out chemical reactions)

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24
Q

What is pH?

A

-potential of hydrogen
-the amount of H+ molecules in a solution
-measure of acidity

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25
Q

Acids:

A

-pH lower than 7.0
-higher concentration of h+
-can donate H+ to other chemicals

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26
Q

List some acids (least to most acidic)

A

-coffee
-orange juice
-soda
-stomach acid

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27
Q

Bases:

A

-pH higher than 7.0
-higher concentration of OH-
-neutralize acids by bringing H+ and OH-

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28
Q

List some bases (weakest to strongest)

A

-blood
-baking soda
-ammonia
-bleach

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29
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

large organic molecules made up of smaller subunits

30
Q

what does organic mean ?

A

“of life”

31
Q

What are the 4 major macromolecules?

A

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids

32
Q

Describe carbohydrates

A

-carbon + h2o “hydrate”
-energy
-C-H bonds store large amounts of energy
-primary fuel for cells
-form the structure of cells in all organisms
-composed of monosaccharides

33
Q

What are monosaccharides ?

A

simple sugars (contain 3-6 carbon atoms)

34
Q

What do carbohydrates do for your blood sugar?

A

-fuel for cellular activity
-glycogen for short term storage
-fat for long term storage

35
Q

What are disaccharides ?

A

-lactose
-sucrose (table sugar)
-formed by the union of two simple sugars

36
Q

What are polysaccharides ?

A

-starch
-formed by the union of many simple sugars
-this = complex carbohydrates

37
Q

What are complex carbohydrates ?

A

-chitin: animals/insects have hard shells that cannot be digested
-cellulose: plants/tress can be used to build & as dietary fiber which helps clear the digestive track

38
Q

What are the common monosaccharides (also give their chemical formula)

A

-glucose (C6H12O6)
-fructose (C6H12O6)
-galactose (C6H12O6)

39
Q

Describe lipids

A

-contain significantly more C-H bonds = more stored energy
-made up of glycerol and fatty acids
-high density energy
-insoluble in water = nonpolar molecules

40
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

doesn’t like water

41
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

loves water

42
Q

Describe the process of triglycerides

A

-glycerol is a hydrophilic sugar, made up of 3 carbons
-these carbons have fatty acid (hydrophobic) tails
-the fatty acid tails are carbon chains with hydrogens attached
-they are acids because of the oxygen attached to it

43
Q

Describe saturated fats

A

-each carbon in the hydrocarbon chain is bound to two H atoms
-tend to be solid at room tem
-cheese
-molecules line up

44
Q

Describe unsaturated fats

A

-at least one double bond link two carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
-liquid at room temp
-olive oil
-molecules have a crooked shape

45
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

a chemical process that involves artificially adding hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated fat in order to make it more saturated

46
Q

What does hydrogenation do to the chemical bonds?

A

-makes the hydrocarbon tail straighter
-converts some of the double bonds in the tail to single bonds
-our body doesn’t digest these well

47
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

-a lipid with semi rigid ring structure (hexagon)
-forms sterols
-important component of cell membranes in animals
-90% of the cholesterol in your body, your own body makes

48
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

-based on cholesterol
-made of four carbon fused rings
-estrogen = regulation of memory and mood
-testosterone = muscle growth

49
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

-major component of the cell membrane
-negative charge
-hydrophilic
-two fatty acid chains and a phosphorous atom in the glycerol “head” region
-every cell in our body has a double layer of phospholipids

50
Q

Describe proteins

A

-bodybuilding macromolecules
-made up of C H O and N (big 4)
-they help with structure, protection, regulation, making DNA
-enzymatic
made up of amino acids

51
Q

Describe amino acids

A

-amino(positive charge) bonded with carboxyl(negative charge) bonded with a side chain (this side chain is what differentiates the different amino acids
-20 different amino acids
-7 essential amino acids we need to get from our diet

52
Q

Describe the primary structure of proteins

A

linear order

53
Q

Describe the secondary structure of proteins

A

2d beta plated sheet

54
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of proteins

A

interaction of the secondary structures

55
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of proteins

A

multiple subunits

56
Q

What factors can denature a protein?

A

-extreme environments
-temperature changes
-pH changes

57
Q

What are enzymes?

A

-proteins that increase the likelihood of a reaction occurring

58
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

-they break things apart or put things together
-this is the most important thing that proteins do
-speed up chemical reactions
-make reactions possible at our body temperature

59
Q

What is activation energy?

A

-the push that is needed for chemical reactions to occur
-enzymes can act as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy

60
Q

What are mutations?

A

-incorrect amino acid sequence
-nonfunctional enzymes

61
Q

Describe nucleic acids

A

-“of the nucleus”
-nucleotide is the building block
-carry genetic info (ATGC)

62
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

-a molecule of sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base

63
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (ATCG)

64
Q

What is RNA?

A

-ribonucleic acid (AUGC)
-RNA direct the production of proteins
-acts as a middleman molecule (DNA > RNA > protein)

65
Q

What bonds A-T or C-G?

A

hydrogen bonds

66
Q

DNA & RNA differences:

A

-sugar molecule of the sugar phosphate backbone: ribose in RNA / deoxyribose in DNA
-RNA is single stranded
-Uracil (U) replaces thymine (T)

67
Q

How do enzymes regulate reactions?

A

-they can saturate the system (you can’t make more)
-high temperatures can increase reaction rates (only to certain extent bc eventually the proteins will become denatured
-reaction rate generally increases as pH nears optimum level for an enzyme

68
Q

What do inhibitors do?

A

prevent reactions by blocking enzymes

69
Q

What do activators do?

A

increase reactions

70
Q

What provides energy to the body?

A

glucose

Chemistry 1004 (4 decks)

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