Biology EOY thingy

Question 1

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 1

the breaking down of glucose using oxygen or smth

Question 2

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 2

breaking down of glucose without oxygen. In animals, this will produce lactic acid, and in plants and yeast, it can produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 3

What is respiration used for?

Answer 3

active transport, muscle contraction, protein synthesis, maintaining body temperature.

Question 4

What type of reaction is respiration?

Answer 4

active. exothermic reaction

Question 5

Where is the site of respiration in a cell?

Answer 5

mitochondria

Question 6

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

Answer 6

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

Question 7

what is the formula for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 7

glucose –> lactic acid (in muscle cells)
glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide (in plant and yeast cells)

Question 8

What process makes beer and wine?

Answer 8

fermentation

Question 9

what does fermentation do?

Answer 9

produces ethanol, which can be useful for making beer or wine.

Question 10

WHy does our breathing rate not slow done as soon as you’re done with exercise?

Answer 10

the body needs more oxygen to break down the excess build up of lactic acid from the exercise in the muscles.

Question 11

the chemical
formula for aerobic respiration…?

Answer 11

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Question 12

carbon dioxide turns limewater…?

Answer 12

cloudy

Question 13

What is osmosis?

Answer 13

the movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration across a partially permeable membrane

Question 14

Is osmosis a passive or active reaction?

Answer 14

passive; it doesn’t need energy

Question 15

What is a hypotonic solution?

Answer 15

solute concentration is lower than that in the cell

Question 16

What is a hypertonic solution?

Answer 16

solute concentration is higher than that in the cell

Question 17

What is an isotonic solution?

Answer 17

solute concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell

Question 18

What is lysis?

Answer 18

If the solution outside the cell is more dilute than the contents of the cell, water will enter the cell by osmosis. the cell will swell up and may even burst - lysis.

Question 19

What factors affect the rate of osmosis (as well as diffusion) and explain them

Answer 19

A greater concentration gradient, increasing the surface area, increasing the temperature, decreasing the diffusion distance

Question 20

What would happen to an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution? Why?

Answer 20

The cell has a higher solute concentration than the solution. Water enters the cell and it bursts.

Question 21

What would happen to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution? Why?

Answer 21

The cell has a lower solute concentration than the solution. Water leaves the cell and it shrivels.

Question 22

What would happen to an animal cell placed in an isotonic solution? Why?

Answer 22

The cell has the same solute concentration as the solution. No net movement of water.

Question 23

What sub cellular structure protects the cell from the effects of osmosis?

Answer 23

the cell wall

Question 24

What is a turgid cell?

Answer 24

Water enters plant cells by osmosis, causing the cytoplasm to swell and exert pressure on the cell wall. The strength of the cell wall prevents bursting. only in plant cells.

Question 25

What is a flaccid cell?

Answer 25

When water is in short supply the fluid outside the cell will have a higher solute concentration than in the cytoplasm. Water leaves the cell by osmosis. Only happens in plant cells

Question 26

What is a plasmolysed cell?

Answer 26

If too much water leaves the cell the cell membrane will pull away from the cell wall. This is only in plant cells.

Question 27

What is a crenated cell?

Answer 27

If the solution outside the cell is much more concentrated than inside, water will move out of the cell by osmosis and the cell will shrivel up

Question 28

What is a concentration gradient?

Answer 28

Concentration gradient - the difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas.

Question 29

In diffusion, which way does the substance go in the concentration gradient?

Answer 29

the substances move DOWN the concentration gradient

Question 30

What are the two types of cell division?

Answer 30

meiosis and mitosis

Question 31

Where is the only place active transport can take place?

Answer 31

across a partially permeable membrane

Question 32

Which cells in the plant are adapted to absorb mineral ions?

Answer 32

root hair cells

Question 33

what do root hair cells absorb?

Answer 33

mineral ions and water

Question 34

What are the steps of mitosis and cytokinesis?

Answer 34

DNA condenses to form chromosomes. Chromosomes line up along the centre of the cells. Cell fibres pull the two arms of each chromosome to opposite sides (poles) of the cell. Cytokinesis - the entire cell divides to form two identical daughter cells.

Question 35

What are the three reasons why new cells are required for multicellular organisms like ourselves?

Answer 35

Growth (we need more cells as we grow) Development (we need new cell types as we develop new tissues) Repair (we need to replace the cells that we lose each day)

Question 36

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 36

The series of steps that take place as a cell grows and then divides

Question 37

What are the steps of the cell cycle>?

Answer 37

Cellular growth - the cell gets larger and produces more sub-cellular structures, such as mitochondria and ribosomes. DNA replication - chromosomes duplicate, so that each consists of two arms (copies). More cell growth. Mitosis - the DNA divides into two. Cytokinesis - the cell divides into two.

Question 38

Are the cells created by mitosis genetically identical to each other, or genetically different?

Answer 38

genetically identical

Question 39

When a cell divides by mitosis, how many cells are produced?

Answer 39

2

Question 40

What do we commonly call the cells produced by mitosis?

Answer 40

daughter cells

Question 41

Name the two types of stem cells found in animals.

Answer 41

Adult stem cells Embryonic stem cells

Question 42

Two key features of stem cells:

Answer 42

They can divide by mitosis to form more cells They can differentiate into specialised cells

Question 43

what is a stem cell?

Answer 43

an undifferentiated cell, capable of becoming any other cell

Question 44

Where in the body are adult stem cells found?

Answer 44

in the bone marrow

Question 45

What is the main difference between the adult stem cells and the embryonic stem cells?

Answer 45

Adult stem cells can only differentiate into a limited range of specialised cells embryonic stem cells can specialise into any type of cell

Question 46

Where in plants can you find stem cells?

Answer 46

Meristem tissue on the tips and roots