Biology: Enzymes Flashcards
This deck is complete and covers all enzymes from 1995 - 2024.
This in-vitro method invented by Kary Mullis copies DNA quickly using the Taq Polymerase enzyme.
Biotechnology
PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction
An epidemic of this novel disease in the 1980s led to the development of the first commercial blood test, the enzyme-lined immunoassay (ELISA) that was used to test the nation’s blood supply for viral transmission.
Biotechnology
HIV (not: AIDS)
Identify the enzyme’s substrate:
Amylase
Specific Enzymes
Starch
Amylase is an enzyme that helps you digest carbohydrates. Fun!
Identify the enzyme’s substrate and cell process
Helicase
Specific Enzymes - FREQUENT
- Substrate: DNA
- Process: Replication
Helicase unzips DNA during replication.
Identify the enzyme’s substrate and cellular process:
Hexokinase
Specific Enzymes - FREQUENT
- Substrate: Glucose
- Process: Cellular Respiration
Hexokinase starts glycolysis - the breakdown of sugar.
Identify the enzyme’s substrate:
Lactase
Specific Enzymes
Lactose 🐮
It’s found in the small intestine and is needed to digest whole milk.
Identify the cellular process in which this enzyme is involved:
RNA Polymerase
Repeat
Transcription
RNA Polymerase builds mRNA using a DNA template.
Identify the cellular process in which this enzyme is involved:
Rubisco
Photosynthesis 🌱
Without RuBisCo, photosynthesis couldn’t occur. Thanks RuBisCo!
This enzyme is used to cleave plasmids at certain sites in order to allow a new gene to be inserted in a DNA sequence.
Endonuclease (or restriction enzyme)
Ideal pH Level?
Pancreatic Lipase
7.2 - 7.5
This enzyme lets us digest fat! (Lipids)
Ideal pH level?
Pepsin
1.5 - 3.5
This enzyme is found in stomach acid, so the ideal pH is low, low, low.
Ideal pH level?
Salivary Amylase
7.0 - 7.8
This enzyme is found in saliva and helps break down sugar in food.
Ideal pH Level?
Trypsin
8.0
This enzyme helps break down protein in the small intestine.
These two enzymes are involved in creating recombinant plasmids.
FREQUENT
(DNA) Ligase and endonuclease (or restriction enzymes)
Endonuclease cuts up the DNA, ligase sews it back with the new fragment.
Identify the cellular process and function:
DNA Polymerase
Adds nucleotide bases to the unzipped DNA strand during replication.
Identify the process and function:
RNA Primase
Synthesizes the small complementary primer and attaches it to the unzipped DNA strand in DNA replication.
Polymerase can’t start replication on its own - it needs a primer first.
Order chronologically:
Four enzymes involved in DNA replication
Helicase (unzips DNA), RNA Primase (starts replication with a small primer piece), DNA Polymerase III (elongates the primer to a longer strand), DNA Ligase (joins and seals the pieces together)
This enzyme is used during PCR to amplify DNA.
Biotechnology - FREQUENT
Taq Polymerase (or Taq Pol)
Identify
Any two enzymes involved in DNA replication
DNA Helicase, DNA Polymerase (I or III), (DNA) Ligase, Primase, Topoisomerase, RNA Polymerase, Telomerase, Taq Polymerase
Topoisomerase relaxes the DNA that start as supercoiled chromosomes.
This binds to the active site of an enzyme which puts stress on its bonds, thus lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
Substrate
The active site of this enzyme is rotated by the flow of protons and is used in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
ATP Synthase
This is the ion involved in chemiosmosis, the diffusion of ions across a semi-permeable membrane through a carrier protein.
Hydrogen Ions
This enzyme is the carrier protein involved in chemiosmosis, the diffusion of ions across a semi-permeable membrane.
ATP Synthase
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by doing this to the activation energy.
Lowers activation energy
What are four things that can change the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?
- Temperature
- pH
- Substrate Concetration
- Enzyme Concentration
If an enzyme is exposed to excessive heat or pH changes, it can become _ which inhibits the ability of the enzyme to catalyze reactions.
Denatured
What are four things to know about how enzymes work?
- They speed up chemical reactions
- They work by lowering the activation energy
- They work best at certain temperatures and pH
- They are not used up during the reaction.
NAD+ serves this role in cellular respiration.
Co-enzyme
Co-enzymes help enzymes carry out tasks and increase their activity.