Biology: Enzymes

Question 1

This in-vitro method invented by Kary Mullis copies DNA quickly using the Taq Polymerase enzyme.

Biotechnology

Answer 1

PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 2

An epidemic of this novel disease in the 1980s led to the development of the first commercial blood test, the enzyme-lined immunoassay (ELISA) that was used to test the nation’s blood supply for viral transmission.

Biotechnology

Answer 2

HIV (not: AIDS)

Question 3

Identify the enzyme’s substrate:

Amylase

Specific Enzymes

Answer 3

Starch

Amylase is an enzyme that helps you digest carbohydrates. Fun!

Question 4

Identify the enzyme’s substrate and cell process

Helicase

Specific Enzymes - FREQUENT

Answer 4

• Substrate: DNA
• Process: Replication

Helicase unzips DNA during replication.

Question 5

Identify the enzyme’s substrate and cellular process:

Hexokinase

Specific Enzymes - FREQUENT

Answer 5

• Substrate: Glucose
• Process: Cellular Respiration

Hexokinase starts glycolysis - the breakdown of sugar.

Question 6

Identify the enzyme’s substrate:

Lactase

Specific Enzymes

Answer 6

Lactose 🐮

It’s found in the small intestine and is needed to digest whole milk.

Question 7

Identify the cellular process in which this enzyme is involved:

RNA Polymerase

Repeat

Answer 7

Transcription

RNA Polymerase builds mRNA using a DNA template.

Question 8

Identify the cellular process in which this enzyme is involved:

Rubisco

Answer 8

Photosynthesis 🌱

Without RuBisCo, photosynthesis couldn’t occur. Thanks RuBisCo!

Question 9

This enzyme is used to cleave plasmids at certain sites in order to allow a new gene to be inserted in a DNA sequence.

Answer 9

Endonuclease (or restriction enzyme)

Question 10

Ideal pH Level?

Pancreatic Lipase

Answer 10

7.2 - 7.5

This enzyme lets us digest fat! (Lipids)

Question 11

Ideal pH level?

Pepsin

Answer 11

1.5 - 3.5

This enzyme is found in stomach acid, so the ideal pH is low, low, low.

Question 12

Ideal pH level?

Salivary Amylase

Answer 12

7.0 - 7.8

This enzyme is found in saliva and helps break down sugar in food.

Question 13

Ideal pH Level?

Trypsin

Answer 13

8.0

This enzyme helps break down protein in the small intestine.

Question 14

These two enzymes are involved in creating recombinant plasmids.

FREQUENT

Answer 14

(DNA) Ligase and endonuclease (or restriction enzymes)

Endonuclease cuts up the DNA, ligase sews it back with the new fragment.

Question 15

Identify the cellular process and function:

DNA Polymerase

Answer 15

Adds nucleotide bases to the unzipped DNA strand during replication.

Question 16

Identify the process and function:

RNA Primase

Answer 16

Synthesizes the small complementary primer and attaches it to the unzipped DNA strand in DNA replication.

Polymerase can’t start replication on its own - it needs a primer first.

Question 17

Order chronologically:

Four enzymes involved in DNA replication

Answer 17

Helicase (unzips DNA), RNA Primase (starts replication with a small primer piece), DNA Polymerase III (elongates the primer to a longer strand), DNA Ligase (joins and seals the pieces together)

Question 18

This enzyme is used during PCR to amplify DNA.

Biotechnology - FREQUENT

Answer 18

Taq Polymerase (or Taq Pol)

Question 19

Identify

Any two enzymes involved in DNA replication

Answer 19

DNA Helicase, DNA Polymerase (I or III), (DNA) Ligase, Primase, Topoisomerase, RNA Polymerase, Telomerase, Taq Polymerase

Topoisomerase relaxes the DNA that start as supercoiled chromosomes.

Question 20

This binds to the active site of an enzyme which puts stress on its bonds, thus lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed.

Answer 20

Substrate

Question 21

The active site of this enzyme is rotated by the flow of protons and is used in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Answer 21

ATP Synthase

Question 22

This is the ion involved in chemiosmosis, the diffusion of ions across a semi-permeable membrane through a carrier protein.

Answer 22

Hydrogen Ions

Question 23

This enzyme is the carrier protein involved in chemiosmosis, the diffusion of ions across a semi-permeable membrane.

Answer 23

ATP Synthase

Question 24

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by doing this to the activation energy.

Answer 24

Lowers activation energy

Question 25

What are four things that can change the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?

Answer 25

• Temperature
• pH
• Substrate Concetration
• Enzyme Concentration

Question 26

If an enzyme is exposed to excessive heat or pH changes, it can become _ which inhibits the ability of the enzyme to catalyze reactions.

Answer 26

Denatured

Question 27

What are four things to know about how enzymes work?

Answer 27

• They speed up chemical reactions
• They work by lowering the activation energy
• They work best at certain temperatures and pH
• They are not used up during the reaction.

Question 28

NAD+ serves this role in cellular respiration.

Answer 28

Co-enzyme

Co-enzymes help enzymes carry out tasks and increase their activity.