BIOLOGY - Diversity Flashcards by Elle !

a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring.

What is a species?
page 10

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

deals with body shape, size, and other structural features
(Species Concept)

morphological
page 11

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defines species on the basis of whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring
(Species concept)

biological
page 11

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

examines the evolutionary history of organisms
(species concept)

phylogenetic
page 11

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species is known as?

taxonomy
page 12

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

developed by Carl Linnaeus and is the system used for naming organisms.
- in latin
- two words

binomial nomenclature
page 12

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

each kingdom is subdivided several times into a series of progressively smaller________, the name of each of those is called a _________.

first blank = rank
second blank = taxon
page 14+15

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

studies morphology looks at how organisms develop and function structurally.
can look at fossils and bone structures of living organisms.
looks at homologous features

Anatomical Evidence of Relationships
page 18

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

comparison of protein molecules (determined by genes) among organisms can indicate genetic similarities /differences

evidence from physiology
page 19

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

comparing gene sequences, the more genes the two organisms have in common the closer the relationship.

evidence from DNA
page 20

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

comparisons of early embryonic development. Some organisms are classified solely on structures that appear during specific stages of development ONLY.

evidence from development
Chapter 1.2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hypothesis about the evolutionary history of an organism based on the relatedness and common ancestry

phylogeny
page 20+21

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a branching diagram used to show the evolutionary relationship among species

phylogenetic tree
page 21

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, Bacteria

the six kingdoms
page 24

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

are the three domains
page 25+26

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Domain bacteria and archaea
organisms lacking a true nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prokaryotic. membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains. cell walls contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN and their rRNA is unique

Domain Archaea
page 26

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryotic. membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains. cell walls contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN and their rRNA is different than Archaea

Domain Bacteria
page 26

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

larger, complex type of cell that DOES have a membrane bound nucleus

Eukaryotes
page 25

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

organisms with cells containing a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
(fungi, protists, plants, animals)

Domain Eukarya
page 26

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

certaintypes of bacteria that are only found living in extreme conditions, and which possesses unique structures and mechanisms

Archaea
Prokaryotic Kingdom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consists of bacteria that have DNA that is not contained in a nucleus or chromosomes and also lack membrane-bound organelles

Bacteria
Prokaryotic Kingdom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consists of mushrooms and moulds, organisms that do not carry out photosynthesis and acquire their food by absorbing materials into their bodies

Fungi
Eukaryotic Kingdom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consists of plants which are non-motile (cannot move) and obtain their food through photosynthesis

Plantae
Eukaryotic Kingdom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consists of animals which are motile (can move) and ingest the food they have obtained

Animalia Eukaryotic Kingdom

an assemblage of unicellular, colonial, and some multicellular Eukaryotes that do not have distinctive characteristics of plants, animals, and fungi

Protista Eukaryotic Kingdom

an organism that captures energy from sunlight (or sometimes non-living substances) to produce its own energy-yielding food

autotroph (all BUt fungi and animalia) page 29

an organism that cannot make its own food and gets its nutrients and energy from consuming other organisms.

heterotroph (all but plantae) page 29

the variety and abundance of species in a given area

species diversity page 31

the variety of inherited traits (genes) within a population of a species

genetic diversity page 31

the variety of ecosystems found in a given area and on Earth

ecosystem diversity page 31

type of species diversity. number of different species present in an ecosystem

species richness

type of species diversity. relative abundance of individuals of each of those species. High evenness leads to greater species diversity.

species evenness

have no cellular structure, no cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membranes. Is nothing more than a strand of DNA surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid

Virus page 52

part of viral reproduction. Viral DNA uses the copying machinery of the host cell to make new viruses. Host cell will usually die as a result

Lytic Cycle page 54

part of viral reproduction. viral DNA enters the host cell and becomes part of the host's cell chromosomes. It is now referred to as a Provirus. The Provirus may remain dormant and activate later forcing the host cell into the Lytic Cycle for replication.

Lysogenic Cycle page 54

virus uses enzyme called reverse transcriptase to copy viral RNA into DNA, which is then integrated into the host's cell chromosomes. every new cell will contain the provirus. at any time cell can be forced into the Lytic Cycle.

Retrovirus (viruses and diseases) page 56

an infectious particle that can cause disease. causes damage to nerve cells in the brain. consists of mostly a single protein.

Prion (non-viral disease causing agents) page 57

theory in which one cell engulfs another different type of cell; however, the engulfed cell survives and becomes an integral part of the cell that engulfed it.

endosymbiosis (eukaryotic evolution and diversity) page 67

bacteria shapes 1. round 2. rod-shaped 3. spiral shaped

1. cocci 2. bacilli 3. spirilli page 59

bacteria shapes then occur in characteristic patterns 1. arranged in pairs 2. arranged in clusters 3. arranged in a chain

its is called a 1. diplo 2. staphylo 3. strepto page 59

archaea that live in moderate conditions are referred to as ________. archaea that live in extreme climates are called ________.

blank one = mesophiles blank two = extremeophiles

archaea that live in moderate conditions are referred to as ________. archaea that live in extreme climates are called

extremeophile "heat lover" living in extreme environments Greater than 100 degrees

thermophile page 61

extremeophile "salt lover" live in extremely saline environments greater than 20% salinity

halophiles

exrtemophile "acid lover" live in extremely acidic environments pH less than 3

Acidophiles page 61

reproduction of bacteria + archaea. an asexual form of reproduction used by most prokaryotes, resulting in two identical cells

binary fission page 62

reproduction of bacteria + archaea. a process in which there is a transfer of genetic material involving two cells. Used in less ideal conditions to create variations for survival. NO new cells are created through this process.

conjugation page 63

reproduction of bacteria + archaea. important means of genetic recombination, can be transferred during conjugation. are small loops of DNA separate from the main chromosomes and contain genes. they are different from the ones on the chromosomes

plasmids page 63

reproduction of bacteria + archaea. a dormant cell able to survive long periods under extreme conditions

endospores

identifying Bacteria and Archaea. have a thick protein layer on their cell wall and stain PURPLE.

gram-positive

identifying Bacteria and Archaea. have a thin protein layer and stain PINK

gram-negative page 64

what are the three major groups Protists are classified into?

Protozoa algae slime and water moulds

classifying Protists are animal-like, heterotrophs that ingest or absorb their food

protozoa i.e. ciliates, flagellates, sporozoans

classifying protists are plant-like, autotrophs that carry out photosynthesis. simple aquatic, chlorophyll-containing organisms

algae i.e. diatoms, euglrnoids page 76

classifying protists are fungus-like, unicellular heterotrophs that ingest food. have characteristics of fungi, protozoa and plants.

slime & water moulds page 75

fungal bodies are composed of this. a multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus

hyphae

a complex, net-like mass made of, branching hyphae

mycelium page 105

type of fungal nutrition absorbs nutrients from the living cells of a host organism. The host dies and fruting bodies emerge

parasitic page 106

type of fungal nutrition fungal mycelia are specialized to trap prey

predatory page 106

type of fungal nutrition form beneficial partnerships with plants or protists

mutualistic

type of fungal nutrition absorb nutrients from dead or decaying material

saprobial page 106

are a composite organism formed by the symbiotic relationship of a fungus and an algae

lichens

- levels of organization - number of body layers - symmetry and body plans - body cavity - segmentation - movement - reproduction

characteristics used to help classify animals

an animal that does not have a backbone

invertebrate

includes mosses and liverworts. they require a moist layer or film so gametes can travel from one plant to another. Do not possess any *vascular tissue*, they have no Xylem or Phloem. they have no true roots, stems, or leaves. lack of vascular tissue restricts their size.

non-vascular plants - bryophytes

many are now extinct, oldest are ferns and club mosses. developed vascular tissue which allowed them to grow in size and height. they reproduce using spores instead.

seedless vascular plants

all trees and flowering plants, are subdivided as GYMNOSPERMS or ANGLOSPERMS. seed develops from female gametes fertilized by pollen.

seed-producing vascular plants