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Grade 11 > BIOLOGY - Diversity > Flashcards

BIOLOGY - Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring.

A

What is a species?
page 10

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2
Q

deals with body shape, size, and other structural features
(Species Concept)

A

morphological
page 11

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3
Q

defines species on the basis of whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring
(Species concept)

A

biological
page 11

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4
Q

examines the evolutionary history of organisms
(species concept)

A

phylogenetic
page 11

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5
Q

the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species is known as?

A

taxonomy
page 12

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6
Q

developed by Carl Linnaeus and is the system used for naming organisms.
- in latin
- two words

A

binomial nomenclature
page 12

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7
Q

each kingdom is subdivided several times into a series of progressively smaller________, the name of each of those is called a _________.

A

first blank = rank
second blank = taxon
page 14+15

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8
Q

studies morphology looks at how organisms develop and function structurally.
can look at fossils and bone structures of living organisms.
looks at homologous features

A

Anatomical Evidence of Relationships
page 18

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9
Q

comparison of protein molecules (determined by genes) among organisms can indicate genetic similarities /differences

A

evidence from physiology
page 19

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10
Q

comparing gene sequences, the more genes the two organisms have in common the closer the relationship.

A

evidence from DNA
page 20

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11
Q

comparisons of early embryonic development. Some organisms are classified solely on structures that appear during specific stages of development ONLY.

A

evidence from development
Chapter 1.2

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12
Q

hypothesis about the evolutionary history of an organism based on the relatedness and common ancestry

A

phylogeny
page 20+21

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13
Q

a branching diagram used to show the evolutionary relationship among species

A

phylogenetic tree
page 21

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14
Q

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, Bacteria

A

the six kingdoms
page 24

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15
Q

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

A

are the three domains
page 25+26

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16
Q

Domain bacteria and archaea
organisms lacking a true nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

prokaryotic. membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains. cell walls contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN and their rRNA is unique

A

Domain Archaea
page 26

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18
Q

Prokaryotic. membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains. cell walls contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN and their rRNA is different than Archaea

A

Domain Bacteria
page 26

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19
Q

larger, complex type of cell that DOES have a membrane bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotes
page 25

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20
Q

organisms with cells containing a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
(fungi, protists, plants, animals)

A

Domain Eukarya
page 26

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21
Q

certaintypes of bacteria that are only found living in extreme conditions, and which possesses unique structures and mechanisms

A

Archaea
Prokaryotic Kingdom

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22
Q

consists of bacteria that have DNA that is not contained in a nucleus or chromosomes and also lack membrane-bound organelles

A

Bacteria
Prokaryotic Kingdom

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23
Q

consists of mushrooms and moulds, organisms that do not carry out photosynthesis and acquire their food by absorbing materials into their bodies

A

Fungi
Eukaryotic Kingdom

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24
Q

consists of plants which are non-motile (cannot move) and obtain their food through photosynthesis

A

Plantae
Eukaryotic Kingdom

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25
Q

consists of animals which are motile (can move) and ingest the food they have obtained

A

Animalia
Eukaryotic Kingdom

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26
Q

an assemblage of unicellular, colonial, and some multicellular Eukaryotes that do not have distinctive characteristics of plants, animals, and fungi

A

Protista
Eukaryotic Kingdom

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27
Q

an organism that captures energy from sunlight (or sometimes non-living substances) to produce its own energy-yielding food

A

autotroph
(all BUt fungi and animalia)
page 29

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28
Q

an organism that cannot make its own food and gets its nutrients and energy from consuming other organisms.

A

heterotroph
(all but plantae)
page 29

29
Q

the variety and abundance of species in a given area

A

species diversity
page 31

30
Q

the variety of inherited traits (genes) within a population of a species

A

genetic diversity
page 31

31
Q

the variety of ecosystems found in a given area and on Earth

A

ecosystem diversity
page 31

32
Q

type of species diversity.
number of different species present in an ecosystem

A

species richness

33
Q

type of species diversity.
relative abundance of individuals of each of those species. High evenness leads to greater species diversity.

A

species evenness

34
Q

have no cellular structure, no cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membranes. Is nothing more than a strand of DNA surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid

A

Virus
page 52

35
Q

part of viral reproduction.
Viral DNA uses the copying machinery of the host cell to make new viruses. Host cell will usually die as a result

A

Lytic Cycle
page 54

36
Q

part of viral reproduction.
viral DNA enters the host cell and becomes part of the host’s cell chromosomes. It is now referred to as a Provirus. The Provirus may remain dormant and activate later forcing the host cell into the Lytic Cycle for replication.

A

Lysogenic Cycle
page 54

37
Q

virus uses enzyme called reverse transcriptase to copy viral RNA into DNA, which is then integrated into the host’s cell chromosomes. every new cell will contain the provirus. at any time cell can be forced into the Lytic Cycle.

A

Retrovirus
(viruses and diseases)
page 56

38
Q

an infectious particle that can cause disease. causes damage to nerve cells in the brain. consists of mostly a single protein.

A

Prion
(non-viral disease causing agents)
page 57

39
Q

theory in which one cell engulfs another different type of cell; however, the engulfed cell survives and becomes an integral part of the cell that engulfed it.

A

endosymbiosis
(eukaryotic evolution and diversity)
page 67

40
Q

bacteria shapes
1. round
2. rod-shaped
3. spiral shaped

A
  1. cocci
  2. bacilli
  3. spirilli
    page 59
41
Q

bacteria shapes then occur in characteristic patterns
1. arranged in pairs
2. arranged in clusters
3. arranged in a chain

A

its is called a
1. diplo
2. staphylo
3. strepto
page 59

42
Q

archaea that live in moderate conditions are referred to as ________. archaea that live in extreme climates are called ________.

A

blank one = mesophiles
blank two = extremeophiles

42
Q

archaea that live in moderate conditions are referred to as ________. archaea that live in extreme climates are called

A
42
Q

archaea that live in moderate conditions are referred to as ________. archaea that live in extreme climates are called

A
43
Q

extremeophile
“heat lover” living in extreme environments Greater than 100 degrees

A

thermophile
page 61

44
Q

extremeophile
“salt lover” live in extremely saline environments greater than 20% salinity

A

halophiles

45
Q

exrtemophile
“acid lover” live in extremely acidic environments pH less than 3

A

Acidophiles
page 61

46
Q

reproduction of bacteria + archaea.
an asexual form of reproduction used by most prokaryotes, resulting in two identical cells

A

binary fission
page 62

47
Q

reproduction of bacteria + archaea.
a process in which there is a transfer of genetic material involving two cells. Used in less ideal conditions to create variations for survival. NO new cells are created through this process.

A

conjugation
page 63

48
Q

reproduction of bacteria + archaea.
important means of genetic recombination, can be transferred during conjugation.
are small loops of DNA separate from the main chromosomes and contain genes. they are different from the ones on the chromosomes

A

plasmids
page 63

49
Q

reproduction of bacteria + archaea.
a dormant cell able to survive long periods under extreme conditions

A

endospores

50
Q

identifying Bacteria and Archaea.
have a thick protein layer on their cell wall and stain PURPLE.

A

gram-positive

51
Q

identifying Bacteria and Archaea.
have a thin protein layer and stain PINK

A

gram-negative
page 64

52
Q

what are the three major groups Protists are classified into?

A

Protozoa
algae
slime and water moulds

53
Q

classifying Protists
are animal-like, heterotrophs that ingest or absorb their food

A

protozoa
i.e. ciliates, flagellates, sporozoans

54
Q

classifying protists
are plant-like, autotrophs that carry out photosynthesis.
simple aquatic, chlorophyll-containing organisms

A

algae
i.e. diatoms, euglrnoids
page 76

55
Q

classifying protists
are fungus-like, unicellular heterotrophs that ingest food. have characteristics of fungi, protozoa and plants.

A

slime & water moulds
page 75

56
Q

fungal bodies are composed of this.
a multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus

A

hyphae

57
Q

a complex, net-like mass made of, branching hyphae

A

mycelium
page 105

58
Q

type of fungal nutrition
absorbs nutrients from the living cells of a host organism. The host dies and fruting bodies emerge

A

parasitic
page 106

59
Q

type of fungal nutrition
fungal mycelia are specialized to trap prey

A

predatory
page 106

60
Q

type of fungal nutrition
form beneficial partnerships with plants or protists

A

mutualistic

61
Q

type of fungal nutrition
absorb nutrients from dead or decaying material

A

saprobial
page 106

62
Q

are a composite organism formed by the symbiotic relationship of a fungus and an algae

A

lichens

63
Q
  • levels of organization
  • number of body layers
  • symmetry and body plans
  • body cavity
  • segmentation
  • movement
  • reproduction
A

characteristics used to help classify animals

64
Q

an animal that does not have a backbone

A

invertebrate

65
Q

includes mosses and liverworts.
they require a moist layer or film so gametes can travel from one plant to another. Do not possess any vascular tissue, they have no Xylem or Phloem.
they have no true roots, stems, or leaves. lack of vascular tissue restricts their size.

A

non-vascular plants - bryophytes

66
Q

many are now extinct, oldest are ferns and club mosses. developed vascular tissue which allowed them to grow in size and height. they reproduce using spores instead.

A

seedless vascular plants

67
Q

all trees and flowering plants, are subdivided as GYMNOSPERMS or ANGLOSPERMS. seed develops from female gametes fertilized by pollen.

A

seed-producing vascular plants

Grade 11 (7 decks)

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