Biology disease Flashcards
What’s the name of diseases that are transferable between human to human or human and animal?
Communicable
Give 3 examples of non communicable diseases
Diabetes
Cancer
Alzheimer’s
What possible diseases can be linked to smoking?
. Lung cancer
. Cancer of the mouth, throat, tongue
. Cardiovascular disease
. Hypertension (high blood pressure)
What diseases are linked to drinking alcohol in excess?
.Stomach olsa
. Cirrhosis (liver)
What’s cardiovascular disease?
Disease of heart or blood vessels
What is atherosclerosis?
Build up of fat in the arteries.
What is the term for ‘bad cholestoral’
LDL
Give the stages of a heart attack
. A person eats too many fats which raises LDL
. Cholesterol build up in coronary arteries arteries around the heart) making lumen becomes
narwer
. The artery blocks up creating a blood clot
. This reduces blood flow allowing less oxygen so coronary arteries die off
What is the name for good cholesterol?
HDL
What is a stent
Wire mesh tubes that can open lumen
Name some advantages of stents
. Fast recovery time of surgery
.long life span
What is the name of tumours that stay in one place ?
Benign tumours
What is type of tumour is a cancerous one?
Malignant as they can grow and spread to other tissues in the body
In what substance do malignant tumours travel?
Blood
What are carcinogens
Cancer causing chemicals
What are mutagens
Trigger mutations but aren’t chemicals e.g sunlight
What are statins
Drugs that can reduce amount of LDL
Name some disadvantages of statins
. Could forget to take them
. Can cause side effects like headaches, kidney failure and liver damage
What are disadvantages of artificial hearts
. Usually only a temporary fix
. Can lees to bleeding or infection
. Blood doesn’t flow as smoothly
. Battery operated
What is an advantage of an artificial heart?
Less likely to be rejected by body’s immune system than an an actual heart transplant
Name some treatments for cardiovascular disease
. Sten
. Statin
. Artificial heart
. Replacement valves (from humans, mammals or mechanical)
. Artificial blood
What is artificial blood and name an advantage
A saline solution used to replace volume of blood
. Can keep alive even if patient loses 2/3 of blood
Name 4 types of pathogens
. Bacteria
. Fungi
. Virus
. Protists
How does bacteria make you ill?
Reproduce quickly through body and produce toxins that damage your cells
Name a disease caused by bacteria
. Salmonella
. Tuberculosis
. E.Coli
How do viruses make you ill?
Reproduce quickly in body and insert genetic material to cell.
They live inside your cells machinery and produce copies of themselves.
Cells burst to real ease copies making you ill.
Name a diseases caused by viruses
. HIV
. Ebola
. Measles
. Chicken pox
. Common cold
How do protist make you ill?
Those that are parasites live on or inside organisms causing damage
How are protists often transferred to organisms?
Vector e.g mosquito for malaria
How does fungi make you ill?
Grow and penetrate human skin and surface
What are the main working cells in immune system?
White blood cells
Explain how white blood cells attack microbes
Option 1: Phagocytosis- white blood cell engulfs and digest foreign cells
Option 2:WBC produce antitoxins that counteract bacterias toxins
Option 3:WBC produces proteins called antibodies that lock onto invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed
Explain how vaccines work
You inject a dead/ inactive/ weakened version of pathogen
Your WBC will recognise that the antigens in pathogen should not be there and produce matching antibodies
Antibodies attack antigen
Memory B cell can temper how to make antibodies and now you can reproduce them at a quicker and faster rate if pathogen enter body again
Are painkillers a treatment?
No they only relive pain and reduce symptoms
What drug was made from mould?
Penicillin
Where does aspirin come from?
Willow trees
What drug comes from foxglove and what does it treat?
Digitalis that treats heart conditions
Explain the discovery of penicillin
Discovered by Alexander Fleming while growing bacteria on a Petri dish
He came back to find mould growing on dish and saw that around the mould there was a zone of inhibition
What is penicillin and how does it work?
It’s an antibacterial juice secreted from mold
Penicillin disrupts synthesis of bacteria walls
Why doesn’t penicillin harm humans like they do to bacteria?
It disrupts the synthesis of bacteria cell walls
Human cells don’t have cell walls
What is the problem with antibiotics?
The bacteria are adapting and evolving becoming resistant to antibiotics
Name the steps of antibiotic resistance
Starts with any normal population of bacteria
A mutation causes a variation causing some bacteria to become resistance
With an antibiotic non resistant bacteria die and resistant bacteria survive
Resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on resistant gene to their offspring
How are white blood cells adapted to perform their function
Some white blood cells can change shape to engulf
Others produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins
Others produce antibodies to fight antigens
How are red blood cells adapted for their function?
No nucleus for more space to carry oxygen
Biconcave shape to give large surface area for absorbing oxygen
Contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen and transports it to cells in body
What’s the word for how effective a drug is?
Efficacy
What’s the name for how harmful a drug is?
Toxicity
What’s the word for the concentration of a drug?
Dosage
What happens in preclinical drug testing?
Can be Cells and tissues: . Drugs tested on human cells and tissues in lab
Can be Live animals: to test efficacy, toxicity and dosage
Give a disadvantage to both cells, tissues testing and live animal testing
Cells and tissue:
You can’t use human cells and tissues to test drugs that affect the whole or multiple body systems
Live animals:
Some say it’s cruel
What happens in a clinical trial?
If animal test passes then it’s tested on healthy human volunteers. At start of trial low dosage given and dosage increases
What’s a blind test?
Where the patient doesn’t know if the drug is a placebo or the real one
What’s a placebo?
A substance that’s like the drugs being tested but doesn’t do anything
What is the placebo effect?
When patient expects to feel treatment (the placebo) to work so feels better
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
.Inject animal (mice) with antigens
. Mice produced B lymphocytes with antibodies
. Create tumour cells in lab
. Fuse tumour and antibody together
. Hybridoma- divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce monoclonal antibodies
Why are tumour cells used in monoclonal antibodies?
Lymphocytes don’t divide quickly but tumour cells do
What can you use monoclonal antibodies in?
. Drug testing
. Locate blood clots
. Pregnancy test
Give an advantage of monoclonal antibodies
. Specific to cells won’t harm body’s functional cells
How do pregnancy tests work?
. A pregnant woman’s urine contained HCG
. She urinates on pregnancy test
. HCG hormone bind to antibody with a blue bead attached
. The hormone- antibody bead moves up stick and forms a blue bead
. Any unbound antibody need create second line (control)
What are plants physical defences?
. Waxy cuticle provide barrier against pathogen
. Plant cells walls barrier against pathogen
. Layers of dead cells e.g outer part of bark
What are plants chemical defences?
. Produce antibacterial chemicals
. Poisons which deter herbivores
How do thorns defend the gorse plant?
DETER unwanted creatures from eating away at gorse plant
What are ways of transmitting pathogens? Include examples.
1)Direct contact e.g sexual contact during intercourse or sharing needles.
2)Water e.g dirty water can transmit many diseases, such as the cholera bacterium.
3)Water droplets e.g sneezing,
4)Vector e.g mosquito with malaria
How are people fighting against malaria?
New schemes where they are killing female mosquitos.
Why might valves need replacing?
Damage to valves can cause:
-valve tissue to stiffen so it won’t open properly
-it to become leaky so blood flows in both directions
What are the two types of replacement valves? What is a risk with replacement valves?
Mechanical valves
Biological valves- human or other mammals
Risk of blood clots.
What is AIDS?
The late stage of HIV where the immune system is badly damages so can’t cope with other infections.
Explain measles.
A virus,
Spread: by droplets from, sneeze or cough
Symptoms: red rash and high temperature
Can lead to pneumonia
Prevention: many people are vaccinated when young.
Explain HIV.
A virus
Spread: by sexual contact, exchanging bodily fluids e.g sharing needles
Symptoms: flu like fever for a few weeks then no symptoms for several years.
Treatment: no ‘treatment’ but can take antiretroviral drugs that stop the virus replicating in body.
Virus attacks the immune system so can’t cope with other infections or cancers.
Explain tobacco mosaic virus.
Causes mosaic pattern on leaves of plant and discolouration meaning plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well so affects growth.
Explain rose black spot.
A fungus that causes black spots on leaves of rose plants. Leaves can turn yellow and drop off- limiting amount of photosynthesis.
Treatment: farmers can spray fungicides or stripping the plant of the affected leaves.
Explain malaria.
A protist carried in a vector (mosquito). every time the mosquito feeds on another animal, it injects itself into animal’s blood vessels.
Symptoms: repeating episodes of fever. Can be fatal.
Prevent spread: by stopping mosquitoes from breeding
Protect people: mosquito nets and insecticides.
Explain Salmonella.
A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning.
Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhoea
Caught by: eating food contaminated with salmonella bacteria e.g chicken that caught it when alive or prepared in unhygienic conditions
Prevention: In UK most poultry is vaccinated against Salmonella
Explain gonorrhoea
STD (spread by sexual contact e.g unprotected sex)
Caused by bacteria.
Symptoms: pain when urinating, thick, green discharge from vagina or penis.
Used to be treated with penicillin but some strains developed resistance.
Prevention: Use barrier methods e.g condom
Treatment: antibiotics
