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Biology (Digestive System) Flashcards

1
Q

3 main categories of food we eat

A

Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Protein

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2
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

The combination of two monosaccharide

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3
Q

They are the most simplest sugars, containing a single sugar unit.

A

Monosaccharide

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4
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

are carbohydrates formed from the union of many monosaccharides.

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5
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

They are what the plant cell is made up of the polysaccharide.

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6
Q

Is fat an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

No

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7
Q

What are Lipids made up of?

A

They are made up of glycerol and fatty acids.

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8
Q

What are Triglycerides?

A

A common lipid made from one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules.

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9
Q

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fats = a liquid in room temp. and have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Saturated fats = Solid at room temp. and have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

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10
Q

What are lipids important for?

A

-longer term energy storage
-Key components for cells (phospholipid bilayers)
-Cushion delicate organs
-Carry vitamins in your body
-Serves for building bonds for hormones
-insulation

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11
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

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12
Q

Glucose + Glucose = ?

A

Maltose (Malt sugar)

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13
Q

Glucose + Fructose = ?

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

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14
Q

Galactose + Glucose = ?

A

Lactose (milk sugar)

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15
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Strings of amino acids

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16
Q

What elements do Carbohydrates contain?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen

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17
Q

Why are carbohydrates important?

A

They are the main food source for living things to get energy from.

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18
Q

Why are monosaccharides the fastest form of energy from the body?

A

The cells break them down easier.

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19
Q

What is a polymer?

A

An entire polysaccharide.

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20
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate?

A

They are also called Polysaccharide which is a chain of multiple monosaccharides chemically bonded together.

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21
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Each individual monosaccharide in the polymer.

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22
Q

What does the Digestive System do to starches?

A

Breaks them down into glucose

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23
Q

What is a Glycogen?

A

An extra glucose that the body doesn’t need for energy and are stored as polysaccharides which can be found in the liver or skeletal muscles.

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24
Q

What is the most common feature in Lipids?

A

They don’t dissolve in water

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25
What are 4 types of Lipids?
fats, Oil, Waxes, and Steroids
26
What is an Enzyme?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
27
What is the protein building block?
Amino acid molecules
28
What is a amino acid?
Small protein molecules
29
How do Amino acids form protein?
When Amino acids chemically bond together
30
What determines the function of a protein?
The proteins final folded shape
31
What happens when a protein changes shape?
It can cause a protein to lose functionality
32
What is denatured?
A protein changing shape by either breaking and unfolding
33
What is indigestion?
When taking in of nutrients
34
What is digestion?
The breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller components by enzymes.
35
What is absorption?
The transport of digested nutrients to the cells of the body.
36
When does indigestion happens?
It begins when with putting food in the mouth.
37
What does the salivary glands do?
It produces saliva which is a mixture of water and enzymes.
38
What are amylase enzymes and why are they necessary?
There are enzymes that breakdown complex carbohydrates also known as polysaccharides.
39
What is the epiglottis?
It covers the opening to the trachea (windpipe)
40
What are the only voluntary control we have over food movement in digestion?
Swallowing and egestion
41
What is peristalsis?
The rhythmic, wavelike contraction of smooth muscle and it also moves food along the entire digestive tract.
42
What is the PH of the stomach?
2
43
What is the PH of the small intestine?
9
44
What is the PH of the mouth?
7
45
What are the sphincter muscles?
The rings of muscle that encircle places along the digestive tract.
46
What is the cardiac sphincter?
It contracts to close the opening to the stomach or relaxes to open.
47
What the 3 different types of cells that the wall of the stomach is made out of?
Mucous, Parietal, and Peptic
48
What is the pyloric sphincter?
It regulates the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
49
What does the mucous lining of the stomach prevent?
It prevents HCI from corroding the stomach and prevents pepsin from digesting the proteins in the stomach wall.
50
What would happen if the mucus lining breaks down?
The cells would be exposed to HCI and it destroys them causing an ulcer(a sore part in the body)
51
What does the mucous cells do?
They secrete a protective coating
52
What does the parietal cells do?
They secrete HCI
53
What does the peptic cells do?
They secrete pepsinogen, the inactive form of protein digesting enzymes pepsin.
54
Factors affecting enzyme reactions
PH, Substrate molecule concentration, Temperature, and competitive inhibition
55
What is a catalysts?
They are chemicals that speed up chemical reactions at low temperatures without altering the products formed by the reaction.
56
What is the active site of an enzyme?
It is the area that joins with the substrate molecules.
57
What is the name of the chemical used to test for glucose?
Benedict's Solution
58
What is the length and diameter of the small intestine?
Length=3.4 meters long Diameter=2.5 centimeters wide
59
What does the liver produce and store?
Glycogen and vitamins
60
What is the part of the small intestine that does the majority of digestion?
Duedenom
61
What part of the small intestine does the most absorption?
Jejudem
62
What part of the small intestine does the last bit absorption, picks up the leftover undigested materials?
Ileum
63
What and Where are Lacteals found in the digestion process?
In the small intestine, it provides a drainage route for absorbed lipids. Lymphatic vessel in the centre of each intestinal villis.
64
What is erepsin, and what is its function?
A digestive enzyme that digests peptones and peptides into amino acids found in intestinal juices. It is produced in the intestinal glands of the Ileum and pancreas.
65
What is Enterokinase?
An enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin.
66
Trypsinogen
Activated by the duedenom by Enterokinase, which is produced in the cells lining the duedenom.
67
Trypsin
An active enzyme form that's from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine.
68
Lipase
An enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
69
Phospholipase
An enzyme that breaks down phospholipids, the lipids of our cell membranes.
70
Pepsinogen
An inactive enzyme form that is released in the stomach and reacts with HCI to create Pepsin.
71
Pepsin
An active form of an enzyme that is present in gastric juices of the stomach that begins the hydrolysis of proteins.
72
Salivary amylase
An enzyme in Salvia that breaks down the chemical binds in starches.
73
Secretin
Peptic hormone produced by the mucous lining of the small intestine.
74
Gastrin
A digestive hormone secreted by the stomach lining, it stimulates the secretion of fluid by gastric glands in the stomach.
75
Bicarbonate
Helps regulate PH by binding to or releasing hydrogen ions.
76
Bile salts
Substances found in bile, which combines fats in the duedenom.
77
Esophagus
A muscular tube that moves food to the stomach using peristalsis or wave length muscular contractions.
78
Large intestine
The last section of the digestive system is where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material and is excreted from the body.
79
Small intestine
Responsible for most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients.
80
Gall bladder
Stores bile that is produced in the liver until it is needed in the duedenom. Also, it breaks down and absorbs fats for foods.
81
Liver
Organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood. Protein synthesis, storage of vitamins, and minerals.
82
Pancreas
A gland that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and produce sodium bicarbonate a base that neutralizes stomach acid; the stomach has a PH of 2.
83
Pancreatic amylase
Picks up the half digested starches from the salivary amylase enzyme and further breaks it down.

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