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Chemistry > Biology definitions unit 2 > Flashcards

Biology definitions unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Protoplasm

A

all living parts of the cell

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2
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Fine detail of the cell using electron microscope

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

Elongated chromosome

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4
Q

Prokaryotic

A

cells dont have nucleus or organelles

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5
Q

Eukaryotic

A

cells have nucleus and organelles

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6
Q

Tissues

A

group of cells carrying out a function

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7
Q

Tissue culture

A

growth of cells in or on nutrient medium

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8
Q

Organs

A

group of tissues carrying out a function

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9
Q

Organ system

A

group of organs carrying out a function

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10
Q

Catalyst

A

substance that alters the rate of reaction but is not used up

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11
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalyst

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12
Q

Substrate

A

Substance which enzyme acts on

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13
Q

Product

A

substance that enzymes form

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14
Q

Denatured

A

Enzyme has lost his shape and can no longer function

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15
Q

Bioprocessing

A

Use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product

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16
Q

Bioreactor

A

vessel used to make a product

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17
Q

Immobilised enzyme

A

attached to an inert substance

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18
Q

Active site

A

part of enzyme that combines with the substrate

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19
Q

Optimum pH

A

pH value enzymes work at best rate

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20
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

release of energy using oxygen

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21
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

release of energy without oxygen

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22
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration

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23
Q

Biotechnology

A

Use of living cells/enzymes to make useful products

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24
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Green plants make their own food using co2 and water in presence of light and chlorophyll

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25
Q

Photolysis

A

splitting of water using light

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26
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Only allows certain substances through

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27
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from region of high concentration to a low concentration

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28
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to a low water concentration

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29
Q

Turgor pressure

A

The pressure of cytoplasm and vacuole against a cell wall

30
Q

Cell continuity

A

all cells develop from pre-existing cells

31
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threads of DNA and protein that become visible in the nucleus at cell division

32
Q

Haploid

A

one set of chromosomes

33
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

34
Q

Interphase

A

cells are not dividing

35
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division where 2 identical daughter cells are formed

36
Q

Cancer

A

group of disorders in which cells have lost control over rate of mitosis

37
Q

Meiosis

A

nuclear division 4 haploid daughter cells formed

38
Q

Species

A

Group of similar organisms that can breed with each other but not with other groups to produce fertile offspring

39
Q

Variation within a species

A

Successful breeding results in the formation of individual members with different characteristics

40
Q

Heredity

A

passing on of features from parents to offspring

41
Q

Genes

A

section of DNA made up of codons that contains genetic code to form a protein and control characteristics

42
Q

Gene expression

A

way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell to make a protein

43
Q

Non-coding

A

DNA that does not cause the production of a protein

44
Q

DNA profiling

A

method of making a unique pattern of bands from persons DNA which can be used to distinguish that DNA
from other DNA

45
Q

Genetic screening

A

testing DNA for the presence or absence of a gene or an altered gene

46
Q

Transcription

A

Copying of sequence of genetic bases from single strand DNA into mRNA

47
Q

Translation

A

conversion of a sequence of genetic bases on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids

48
Q

Anticodon

A

Sequence of 3 bases on tRNA that are complimentary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA

49
Q

Gametes

A

haploid cells that fuse together

50
Q

Fertilisation

A

fusing of two gametes to form a zygote

51
Q

Alleles

A

alternative form of genes

52
Q

Locus

A

position of gene on chromosome

53
Q

Dominant

A

Allele is dominant when it always prevents the working of recessive allele

54
Q

Recessive

A

Allele is recessive when its prevented from working by a dominant allele

55
Q

Genotype

A

genetic make up of organism

56
Q

Phenotype

A

physical appearance of an organism

57
Q

Progeny

A

offspring produced

58
Q

Homozygous

A

two alleles are the same

59
Q

Heterozygous

A

two alleles are different

60
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

neither allele is dominant or recessive

61
Q

Law of segregation

A

inherited characteristics are controlled by pairs of factors and these factors separate at gamete formation so only one member of each pair is found in each gamete

62
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

during gamete formation, either member from a pair of factors can combine with either member of another pair of factors and both factors enter the same gamete

63
Q

Linkage

A

genes are located on same chromosome

64
Q

Sex linkage

A

characteristic is controlled by a gene on the x chromosome

65
Q

Mutation

A

change in the amount or structure of DNA

66
Q

Mutagens

A

agents that cause mutation

67
Q

Gene/point mutation

A

changes in a single gene

68
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

Large changes in the structure or number of one or more chromosomes

69
Q

Evolution

A

way in which living things change genetically to produce new forms of life over long periods of time

70
Q

Natural selection

A

where organisms have genetically controlled characteristics that allow them to adapt to their environment so they will survive to adapt to their environment so they will survive and pass on their genes to future generations

71
Q

Genetic engineering

A

artificial manipulation or alternative of genes

Chemistry (4 decks)

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