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Biology definitions unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Protoplasm

A

all living parts of the cell

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2
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Fine detail of the cell using electron microscope

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

Elongated chromosome

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4
Q

Prokaryotic

A

cells dont have nucleus or organelles

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5
Q

Eukaryotic

A

cells have nucleus and organelles

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6
Q

Tissues

A

group of cells carrying out a function

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7
Q

Tissue culture

A

growth of cells in or on nutrient medium

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8
Q

Organs

A

group of tissues carrying out a function

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9
Q

Organ system

A

group of organs carrying out a function

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10
Q

Catalyst

A

substance that alters the rate of reaction but is not used up

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11
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalyst

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12
Q

Substrate

A

Substance which enzyme acts on

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13
Q

Product

A

substance that enzymes form

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14
Q

Denatured

A

Enzyme has lost his shape and can no longer function

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15
Q

Bioprocessing

A

Use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product

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16
Q

Bioreactor

A

vessel used to make a product

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17
Q

Immobilised enzyme

A

attached to an inert substance

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18
Q

Active site

A

part of enzyme that combines with the substrate

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19
Q

Optimum pH

A

pH value enzymes work at best rate

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20
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

release of energy using oxygen

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21
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

release of energy without oxygen

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22
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration

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23
Q

Biotechnology

A

Use of living cells/enzymes to make useful products

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24
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Green plants make their own food using co2 and water in presence of light and chlorophyll

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25
Photolysis
splitting of water using light
26
Selectively permeable
Only allows certain substances through
27
Diffusion
movement of molecules from region of high concentration to a low concentration
28
Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to a low water concentration
29
Turgor pressure
The pressure of cytoplasm and vacuole against a cell wall
30
Cell continuity
all cells develop from pre-existing cells
31
Chromosomes
Threads of DNA and protein that become visible in the nucleus at cell division
32
Haploid
one set of chromosomes
33
Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
34
Interphase
cells are not dividing
35
Mitosis
nuclear division where 2 identical daughter cells are formed
36
Cancer
group of disorders in which cells have lost control over rate of mitosis
37
Meiosis
nuclear division 4 haploid daughter cells formed
38
Species
Group of similar organisms that can breed with each other but not with other groups to produce fertile offspring
39
Variation within a species
Successful breeding results in the formation of individual members with different characteristics
40
Heredity
passing on of features from parents to offspring
41
Genes
section of DNA made up of codons that contains genetic code to form a protein and control characteristics
42
Gene expression
way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell to make a protein
43
Non-coding
DNA that does not cause the production of a protein
44
DNA profiling
method of making a unique pattern of bands from persons DNA which can be used to distinguish that DNA from other DNA
45
Genetic screening
testing DNA for the presence or absence of a gene or an altered gene
46
Transcription
Copying of sequence of genetic bases from single strand DNA into mRNA
47
Translation
conversion of a sequence of genetic bases on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids
48
Anticodon
Sequence of 3 bases on tRNA that are complimentary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA
49
Gametes
haploid cells that fuse together
50
Fertilisation
fusing of two gametes to form a zygote
51
Alleles
alternative form of genes
52
Locus
position of gene on chromosome
53
Dominant
Allele is dominant when it always prevents the working of recessive allele
54
Recessive
Allele is recessive when its prevented from working by a dominant allele
55
Genotype
genetic make up of organism
56
Phenotype
physical appearance of an organism
57
Progeny
offspring produced
58
Homozygous
two alleles are the same
59
Heterozygous
two alleles are different
60
Incomplete dominance
neither allele is dominant or recessive
61
Law of segregation
inherited characteristics are controlled by pairs of factors and these factors separate at gamete formation so only one member of each pair is found in each gamete
62
Law of independent assortment
during gamete formation, either member from a pair of factors can combine with either member of another pair of factors and both factors enter the same gamete
63
Linkage
genes are located on same chromosome
64
Sex linkage
characteristic is controlled by a gene on the x chromosome
65
Mutation
change in the amount or structure of DNA
66
Mutagens
agents that cause mutation
67
Gene/point mutation
changes in a single gene
68
Chromosome mutation
Large changes in the structure or number of one or more chromosomes
69
Evolution
way in which living things change genetically to produce new forms of life over long periods of time
70
Natural selection
where organisms have genetically controlled characteristics that allow them to adapt to their environment so they will survive to adapt to their environment so they will survive and pass on their genes to future generations
71
Genetic engineering
artificial manipulation or alternative of genes

Chemistry (4 decks)

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