BIOLOGY COMPILED Flashcards
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).
It is the process of producing cellular energy in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic Respirration
Prepares the sugar to access hydrogen.
No oxygen is present, therefore it is…
Takes place in the cytoplasm.
The process of breaking down glucose to produce energy.
Anaerobic Respiration
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
light-dependent reactions
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle
Light Independent Reactions
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
thylakoid
stack of thylakoids
granum
stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
Glycolysis Products
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis
Pyruvate
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle produces…
2ATP, 6NADH,4 CO2 and 2FADH
final electron acceptor
oxygen
3 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ATP
- NITROGEN BASE (ADENINE)
- FIVE CARBON SUGAR (RIBOSE)
- THREE PHOSPHATE GROUPS (TRIPHOSPHATE)
tiny pores found along the undersurface of leave which facilitates the entry of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen.
stomata
The most important pigment in photosynthesis, which absorbs mainly the red and blue-violet light rays ad reflects as green light.
Chlorophyll A
Absorbs mainly orange and blue light, and reflects yellow green. Chlorophyll b does not participate directly in the light reactions; it channels the energy it absorbs to chlorophyll a to boost its energy.
Chlorophyll B
absorbs orange pigment
Carotenoid
absorbs yellow pigment
xanthophyll
Absorbs gray brown pigment
phaeophytin A
Absorbs yellow brown pigment
phaeophytin B
large complexes of proteins and pigment that are optimized to harvest light
photosystems
has p700 reaction centre. the second photosystem to be struck by sunlight
photosystem 1
has p680 reaction centre. the first photosystem to be struck by sunlight
photosystem 2
RuBP stands for..
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
Rubisco stands for..
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase
3-phosphoglycerate?
3-PGA
G3P stands for..
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
how many turns of the calvin cycle is required to produce one molecule of glucose
six times
OIL RIG MEANING
Oxidation is Lost, Reduction is Gained
this is where the calvin cycle occurs
stroma
a chemical reaction that happens in all living cells, including plant cells and animal cells. it is the way that energy is released from glucose
respiration
two types of cellular respiration
anaerobic and aerobic
Breaks down
(chloe may hahahah) Catabolic
Builds up
anabolic
reactant of anaerobic respiration
glucose
reactants of aerobic respiration
glucose and oxygen
other name for clavin cycle
C3
stages of aerobic respiration
glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
stages of anaerobic respiration
glycolysis, fermentation
has 36 atp
eukaryote
has 38 atp
prokaryote
products of anaerobic respiration
animals: lactic acid
yeast: ethanol+CO2
products of aerobic respiration
CO2 and H2O
‘It is the process used to move protons up a concentration gradient for subsequent production of ATP’
Chemiosmosis
Each pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ and producing NADH.
Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, generating 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, and 4 CO₂ per glucose molecule.
Uses NADH and FADH₂ to produce a large amount of ATP (about 34) by transferring electrons across the mitochondrial membrane, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor, forming water.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC):
