biology - communicable and non-communicable diseases Flashcards
Q1.a. Define Communicable Disease.
1 mark
a disease that can be spread from one person to another.
Q1.b. A woman becomes ill and has the following symptoms:
- pain when urinating
- thick yellow discharge from vagina.
Which communicable disease does the woman have?
(1 mark).
gonorrhoea.
Q1.c. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs.
Tuberculosis causes severe discomfort.
What type of medicine should be used to kill the tuberculosis bacteria?
(1 mark).
antibiotics.
Q1.d. What type of medicine should be used to treat the symptoms of TB?
(1 mark).
painkillers.
[๐๐ก๐ก๐ค๐ฌ ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐ฃ, ๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ข๐ค๐ก, ๐๐๐ช๐ฅ๐ง๐ค๐๐๐ฃ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ค๐ฉ๐๐๐ง ๐๐ค๐ง๐ง๐๐๐ฉ ๐๐ง๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ฃ๐๐ข๐๐จ.]
Q1.e. Describe the ways in which the human body defends itself against the tuberculosis bacterium.
(4 marks).
1) skin stops the bacterium entering the body.
2) blood cots to stop bacteria entering.
- 3) stomach acid will kill the bacterium if it is in food.
- 4) nose have mucus to trap the bacteria.
- 5) nose have cilia/hair to move mucus out.
- 6) white blood cells destroy the bacteria if infected.
7) by phagocytosis.
8) by antibodies.
9) bu antitoxins.
Q2.a. In 2014 there was an outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Africa.
At the time of the outbreak there were:
- no drugs to treat the disease
- no vaccines to prevent infection
By March 2015 there were an estimated 9850 deaths worldwide from EVD.
The number of deaths is an estimate.
Suggest why it is an estimate rather than an exact number.
(1 mark).
any ๐ผ๐ป๐ฒ from:
- not all deaths recorded.
- not all causes of deaths recorded.
Q2.b. Why were no antibiotics used to treat EVD?
1 mark
antibiotics only kill bacteria.
Q2.c. After the outbreak began, drug companies started to develop drugs and vaccines for EVD.
A drug has to be thoroughly tested ad trialled before it is licensed for use.
Testing, trialling and licensing new drugs usually takes several years.
Define each word:
DOSE
EFFICACY
TOXICITY
(2 marks).
DOSE - the concentration of the drug to be used and how often the drug should be given.
EFFICACY - whether the drug works to treat the illness.
TOXICITY - side effects making the person ill.
Q2.d. The results of drug testing and drug trials are studied in detail by other scientists.
Only then can the results be published by the drug company.
Suggest one reason why the results are studied by other scientists.
(1 mark).
any ๐ผ๐ป๐ฒ from:
- to prevent false claims.
- to make sure the conclusions are correct/valid.
- to avoid bias.
Q3.a. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a non-communicable disease.
CHD is caused when fatty material builds up in coronary arteries.
Explain what non-communicable disease is.
(2 marks).
A disease that is not caused by microorganism therefore it is not spread from a person to another.
Q3.b. The diagram below shows a coronary artery of someone with CHD.
Explain how CHD can cause a heart attack.
(3 marks).
CHD can stop blood from flowing so no oxygen can reach the heart therefore it canโt release the energy needed.
Q3.c. Explain how lifestyle and medical risk factors increase the chance of developing CHD.
(4 marks).
Obesity can increase your chance of getting CHD as you can get diabetes from it there leading to too much fat.
Alcohol can also be a risk factor that would increase you chances of developing CHD as it rises your cholesterol levels.
The way you eat/diet can also be a risk factor as it can lead to obesity which also leads to other risk factors and can increase you chances of diabetes and high cholesterol levels.
Q4.a. Bacteria and viruses can reproduce quickly inside the body and make us feel ill. These organisms may cause symptoms such as a high body temperature.
How do bacteria and viruses make us feel ill?
(1 mark).
They produce toxins.
[๐๐ก๐ก๐ค๐ฌ ๐ฅ๐ค๐๐จ๐ค๐ฃ๐จ
๐๐ก๐ก๐ค๐ฌ ๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ ๐๐ค๐๐ฎ ๐๐๐ก๐ก๐จ].
Q4.b.i. This investigation would have been improved if a fourth group of children had been included.
The children in each group were matched for age and gender.
Suggest one other factor the children should have been matched for to make this investigation valid.
(1 mark).
Body mass.
[๐๐ก๐ก๐ค๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐ฉ
๐๐ก๐ก๐ค๐ฌ ๐๐ฉ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐๐ฉ๐ฎ].
Q4.b.ii. What would the children in the fourth group have been given?
(1 mark).
A placebo.
Q4.b.iii. Suggest why this would have improved the investigation.
(1 mark).
any ๐ผ๐ป๐ฒ from:
- as a control group.
- for comparison.
- to see if the drugs worked.
- to take account of psychological effect.
Q4.c.i. The childrenโs body temperatures were measured before any medicine was given and every hour after treatment started.
The mean body temperatures for each of the three groups are shown in the figure below.
What was the difference in mean body temperature after 4 hurt between the group taking paracetamol only and the group take ibuprofen only?
1.2
Q4.d.i. How many hours did the mean body temperature stay normal or below normal, when taking both paracetamol and ibuprofen compared to taking ibuprofen only?
3 hours.
Q4.d.ii. Giving only ibuprofen might be better than giving a combination of paracetamol and ibuprofen becauseโฆ.
there is lees of a chance of overdose/giving too much and the ibuprofen nearly works as fast as the paracetamol.
Q5.a. The MMR vaccine is used to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella.
Explain, as fully as you can, how the MMR vaccine protects children from these diseases.
The vaccine helps with the production of antibodies as the pathogens are dead therefore when the disease reintroduces itself, the antibodies will quickly reproduce kill the pathogens.
It can also help produce antitoxins.
Q5.b.i. (there will be a passage)
Use the information from the passage above to answer these questions.
Was Dr Wakefieldโs report based on reliable scientific evidence?
Explain the reasons for your answer.
The conclusion was based solely on what the parent stated and the sample size was small with only 12 kids.
Q5.b.ii. Might Dr Wakefieldโs report have been biased?
Give the reason for your answer.
Yes
as the parents were paying him.
