Biology Common Assessment Flashcards
List 3 characteristics of prokaryotic cells.
no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, “primitive” less parts
List 3 characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, more advanced
What types of organisms have prokaryotic cells?
bacteria
What types of organisms have eukaryotic cells?
plants, animals, fungi, protists
Describe the function of the nucleus.
control center (DNA/chromosomes)
Describe the function of the plasma membrane.
controls what enters and exits the cell
Describe the function of the mitochondria.
produces ATP (energy)
Describe the function of the chloroplasts.
where light energy is changed to chemical energy (food)
Describe the function of the ribosomes.
where protein is made via translation
List the two main differences between plant and animal cells is regards to their cell organelles
plants have chloroplasts and cell walls
What types of molecules can pass directly through the plasma membrane? Why?
oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the lipid bi-layer by passive transport due to their small size
How do molecules that can’t pass directly through the plasma membrane enter or leave the cell?
through transport proteins
Why are proteins an excellent organic molecule for regulating what enters and leaves the cell?
stable & can be reused
What is diffusion?
passive transport (movement from high to low concentration)
How is osmosis different than diffusion?
osmosis is the movement of water only (passive)
Why is diffusion important for the survival of cells? Use either cellular respiration or photosynthesis in your answer.
the movement of reactants/products in and out of the cell is necessary for both processes to function
What does TP stand for in ATP?
triphosphate
How is ATP different than ADP?
one phosphate difference. ATP has more stored energy
What is the function of ATP?
stores energy within its bonds
Where does the energy come from to make ATP?
food
What kinds of organisms use ATP?
all organisms
What is cellular respiration?
the breakdown of food to get energy
What happens to food molecules as a result of cellular respiration?
bonds within food molecules are broken and the energy is either used directly or stored as ATP
In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?
mitochondria
Describe two ways that fermentation (anaerobic respiration is different than cellular respiration.
no ATP made, no oxygen used
What is photosynthesis?
produces food from the sun’s energy
What do monomers and polymers have to do with photosynthesis?
photosynthesis produces monomers (ie glucose), which may be assembled into polymers (ie starch, cellulose)
What does photosynthesis turn carbon dioxide into?
During Calvin Cycle, the carbon from carbon dioxide is used to construct glucose
Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplasts
What are the waste products of photosynthesis?
oxygen
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O ——–> C6H12O2 + 6O2
(Sunlight reaching chlorophyll)
What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?
O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O ——-> CO2 + H2O
(ADP into ATP)
How do the formulas relate?
they are the reverse of each other
What is the only thing not recycled between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
energy
What is needed in order to speed the reactions of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
enzyme
How does the temperature affect both photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Explain.
too hot or cold temperatures may slow down or stop both processes because of the temperature directly affecting the enzymes involved in both
What are the monomers used to build proteins?
amino acids
Explain how the variety of protein monomers compares to the variety of carbohydrate and lipid monomers.
20 amino acids enhance the number of different types of proteins
How does the variety of protein monomers relate to the variety of protein functions?
number of amino acids, type, and arrangement dictate the variety of proteins and their functions
What are the functions of proteins? Give examples of things that are made of protein.
enzyme catalysts, transport molecules, storage molecules - muscles, blood, brain cells, nerve cells, skin
What are the monomers used to make lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
List three ways saturated fats are different than unsaturated fats.
saturated fats are solid at room temperature, have single bonds in fatty acids, and mostly animals
What are the primary functions of lipids?
energy storage
What are the monomers used to make carbohydrates called?
monosaccharides
What are the three main types of carbohydrates? How do they differ from one another in terms of structure and function?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides - monosaccharides only have one molecule of sugar, di has two, and poly has many
List two things that organic molecules have in common with each other
all living things have them and C, H, O
What happens to organic molecules when you eat them?
broken down via enzymes and either used as a direct energy source or their energy is stored as ATP
What happens to the shape of enzymes if they get too hot? What affect does this have on reaction rate or activity?
the shape changes which is permanent, thus enzyme no longer functions
What is a reactant? How is a reactant different than an enzyme?
the molecule at the beginning of the reaction which is changed permanently by an enzyme (can be used over again)
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
Why is DNA so important?
DNA tells the cells how to function
Where is DNA found
nucleus
What does DNA look like?
double helix
What is the monomer of DNA?
nucleotide (phosphate, base, sugar)
What are the 3 things that make up a nucleotide?
Phosphate
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen Base
What are the 4 types of nitrogen bases in DNA and what are their complementary bases?
A and T
C and G
DNA stores “genetic information;” what is this genetic information used to do in a cell?
controls the cell/organism
Why is the sequence of nucleotides so important in the structure of DNA?
determines the type of genes. bases are protected in the middle of the helix bonded by hydrogen bonds
How is the sequence of amino acids in the making of protein determined?
the order of nitrogen base pairs
What monomers make up proteins?
amino acids
Name three things that determine the structure of protein.
number of amino acids, the type, and arrangement dictate the variety of proteins and their functions
What are two functions of proteins?
makes up enzymes
structural component of organisms
Give two examples of human body structure made from proteins
muscles, bones
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
How are the chromosomes in a homologous pair similar to each other?
similar but not exactly the same; half came from each parent
How are the chromosomes in a homologous pair different than each other?
different alleles (genes) from the parents
How many cells are created by mitosis?
(cytokinesis) two daughter cells
How do two cells created by mitosis compare to each other?
exactly the same (clones)
How does one cell created by mitosis compare to the cell it was created from?
exactly the same (clones)
A cell with 24 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will be present in each of the cells produced?
24
What are the three primary purposes of mitosis?
same number of chromosomes, repair tissue, growth
In terms of mitosis, how are cancer cells different from cells that are not cancerous?
cancer cell grows abnormally fast due to cell cycle genes being mutated
Explain how cancer relates to mutations.
genes responsible for the cell cycle are mutation via mutagens and/or spontaneous mutagens
Explain two ways that the cells produced by meiosis are different than the cells produced by mitosis.
4 new daughter cells
half the number of chromosomes
What separates during the first division of meiosis?
homologous pairs
What separates during the second division of meiosis?
sister chromatids
A cell with 24 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many chromosomes will be present in each of the cells that are produced?
12
