Biology Common Assessment

Question 1

List 3 characteristics of prokaryotic cells.

Answer 1

no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, “primitive” less parts

Question 2

List 3 characteristics of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 2

nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, more advanced

Question 3

What types of organisms have prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

bacteria

Question 4

What types of organisms have eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

plants, animals, fungi, protists

Question 5

Describe the function of the nucleus.

Answer 5

control center (DNA/chromosomes)

Question 6

Describe the function of the plasma membrane.

Answer 6

controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 7

Describe the function of the mitochondria.

Answer 7

produces ATP (energy)

Question 8

Describe the function of the chloroplasts.

Answer 8

where light energy is changed to chemical energy (food)

Question 9

Describe the function of the ribosomes.

Answer 9

where protein is made via translation

Question 10

List the two main differences between plant and animal cells is regards to their cell organelles

Answer 10

plants have chloroplasts and cell walls

Question 11

What types of molecules can pass directly through the plasma membrane? Why?

Answer 11

oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the lipid bi-layer by passive transport due to their small size

Question 12

How do molecules that can’t pass directly through the plasma membrane enter or leave the cell?

Answer 12

through transport proteins

Question 13

Why are proteins an excellent organic molecule for regulating what enters and leaves the cell?

Answer 13

stable & can be reused

Question 14

What is diffusion?

Answer 14

passive transport (movement from high to low concentration)

Question 15

How is osmosis different than diffusion?

Answer 15

osmosis is the movement of water only (passive)

Question 16

Why is diffusion important for the survival of cells? Use either cellular respiration or photosynthesis in your answer.

Answer 16

the movement of reactants/products in and out of the cell is necessary for both processes to function

Question 17

What does TP stand for in ATP?

Answer 17

triphosphate

Question 18

How is ATP different than ADP?

Answer 18

one phosphate difference. ATP has more stored energy

Question 19

What is the function of ATP?

Answer 19

stores energy within its bonds

Question 20

Where does the energy come from to make ATP?

Answer 20

food

Question 21

What kinds of organisms use ATP?

Answer 21

all organisms

Question 22

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 22

the breakdown of food to get energy

Question 23

What happens to food molecules as a result of cellular respiration?

Answer 23

bonds within food molecules are broken and the energy is either used directly or stored as ATP

Question 24

In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 24

mitochondria

Question 25

Describe two ways that fermentation (anaerobic respiration is different than cellular respiration.

Answer 25

no ATP made, no oxygen used

Question 26

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 26

produces food from the sun's energy

Question 27

What do monomers and polymers have to do with photosynthesis?

Answer 27

photosynthesis produces monomers (ie glucose), which may be assembled into polymers (ie starch, cellulose)

Question 28

What does photosynthesis turn carbon dioxide into?

Answer 28

During Calvin Cycle, the carbon from carbon dioxide is used to construct glucose

Question 29

Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 29

chloroplasts

Question 30

What are the waste products of photosynthesis?

Answer 30

oxygen

Question 31

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

Answer 31

6CO2 + 6H2O --------> C6H12O2 + 6O2 | (Sunlight reaching chlorophyll)

Question 32

What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?

Answer 32

O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O -------> CO2 + H2O | (ADP into ATP)

Question 33

How do the formulas relate?

Answer 33

they are the reverse of each other

Question 34

What is the only thing not recycled between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Answer 34

energy

Question 35

What is needed in order to speed the reactions of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Answer 35

enzyme

Question 36

How does the temperature affect both photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Explain.

Answer 36

too hot or cold temperatures may slow down or stop both processes because of the temperature directly affecting the enzymes involved in both

Question 37

What are the monomers used to build proteins?

Answer 37

amino acids

Question 38

Explain how the variety of protein monomers compares to the variety of carbohydrate and lipid monomers.

Answer 38

20 amino acids enhance the number of different types of proteins

Question 39

How does the variety of protein monomers relate to the variety of protein functions?

Answer 39

number of amino acids, type, and arrangement dictate the variety of proteins and their functions

Question 40

What are the functions of proteins? Give examples of things that are made of protein.

Answer 40

enzyme catalysts, transport molecules, storage molecules - muscles, blood, brain cells, nerve cells, skin

Question 41

What are the monomers used to make lipids?

Answer 41

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 42

List three ways saturated fats are different than unsaturated fats.

Answer 42

saturated fats are solid at room temperature, have single bonds in fatty acids, and mostly animals

Question 43

What are the primary functions of lipids?

Answer 43

energy storage

Question 44

What are the monomers used to make carbohydrates called?

Answer 44

monosaccharides

Question 45

What are the three main types of carbohydrates? How do they differ from one another in terms of structure and function?

Answer 45

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides - monosaccharides only have one molecule of sugar, di has two, and poly has many

Question 46

List two things that organic molecules have in common with each other

Answer 46

all living things have them and C, H, O

Question 47

What happens to organic molecules when you eat them?

Answer 47

broken down via enzymes and either used as a direct energy source or their energy is stored as ATP

Question 48

What happens to the shape of enzymes if they get too hot? What affect does this have on reaction rate or activity?

Answer 48

the shape changes which is permanent, thus enzyme no longer functions

Question 49

What is a reactant? How is a reactant different than an enzyme?

Answer 49

the molecule at the beginning of the reaction which is changed permanently by an enzyme (can be used over again)

Question 50

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 50

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 51

Why is DNA so important?

Answer 51

DNA tells the cells how to function

Question 52

Where is DNA found

Answer 52

nucleus

Question 53

What does DNA look like?

Answer 53

double helix

Question 54

What is the monomer of DNA?

Answer 54

nucleotide (phosphate, base, sugar)

Question 55

What are the 3 things that make up a nucleotide?

Answer 55

Phosphate Deoxyribose Nitrogen Base

Question 56

What are the 4 types of nitrogen bases in DNA and what are their complementary bases?

Answer 56

A and T | C and G

Question 57

DNA stores "genetic information;" what is this genetic information used to do in a cell?

Answer 57

controls the cell/organism

Question 58

Why is the sequence of nucleotides so important in the structure of DNA?

Answer 58

determines the type of genes. bases are protected in the middle of the helix bonded by hydrogen bonds

Question 59

How is the sequence of amino acids in the making of protein determined?

Answer 59

the order of nitrogen base pairs

Question 60

What monomers make up proteins?

Answer 60

amino acids

Question 61

Name three things that determine the structure of protein.

Answer 61

number of amino acids, the type, and arrangement dictate the variety of proteins and their functions

Question 62

What are two functions of proteins?

Answer 62

makes up enzymes | structural component of organisms

Question 63

Give two examples of human body structure made from proteins

Answer 63

muscles, bones

Question 64

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 64

46 (23 pairs)

Question 65

How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 65

23

Question 66

How are the chromosomes in a homologous pair similar to each other?

Answer 66

similar but not exactly the same; half came from each parent

Question 67

How are the chromosomes in a homologous pair different than each other?

Answer 67

different alleles (genes) from the parents

Question 68

How many cells are created by mitosis?

Answer 68

(cytokinesis) two daughter cells

Question 69

How do two cells created by mitosis compare to each other?

Answer 69

exactly the same (clones)

Question 70

How does one cell created by mitosis compare to the cell it was created from?

Answer 70

exactly the same (clones)

Question 71

A cell with 24 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will be present in each of the cells produced?

Answer 71

24

Question 72

What are the three primary purposes of mitosis?

Answer 72

same number of chromosomes, repair tissue, growth

Question 73

In terms of mitosis, how are cancer cells different from cells that are not cancerous?

Answer 73

cancer cell grows abnormally fast due to cell cycle genes being mutated

Question 74

Explain how cancer relates to mutations.

Answer 74

genes responsible for the cell cycle are mutation via mutagens and/or spontaneous mutagens

Question 75

Explain two ways that the cells produced by meiosis are different than the cells produced by mitosis.

Answer 75

4 new daughter cells | half the number of chromosomes

Question 76

What separates during the first division of meiosis?

Answer 76

homologous pairs

Question 77

What separates during the second division of meiosis?

Answer 77

sister chromatids

Question 78

A cell with 24 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many chromosomes will be present in each of the cells that are produced?

Answer 78

12