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Semester 1 Finals > Biology Common Assessment > Flashcards

Biology Common Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 characteristics of prokaryotic cells.

A

no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, “primitive” less parts

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2
Q

List 3 characteristics of eukaryotic cells.

A

nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, more advanced

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3
Q

What types of organisms have prokaryotic cells?

A

bacteria

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4
Q

What types of organisms have eukaryotic cells?

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists

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5
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus.

A

control center (DNA/chromosomes)

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6
Q

Describe the function of the plasma membrane.

A

controls what enters and exits the cell

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7
Q

Describe the function of the mitochondria.

A

produces ATP (energy)

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8
Q

Describe the function of the chloroplasts.

A

where light energy is changed to chemical energy (food)

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9
Q

Describe the function of the ribosomes.

A

where protein is made via translation

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10
Q

List the two main differences between plant and animal cells is regards to their cell organelles

A

plants have chloroplasts and cell walls

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11
Q

What types of molecules can pass directly through the plasma membrane? Why?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the lipid bi-layer by passive transport due to their small size

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12
Q

How do molecules that can’t pass directly through the plasma membrane enter or leave the cell?

A

through transport proteins

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13
Q

Why are proteins an excellent organic molecule for regulating what enters and leaves the cell?

A

stable & can be reused

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14
Q

What is diffusion?

A

passive transport (movement from high to low concentration)

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15
Q

How is osmosis different than diffusion?

A

osmosis is the movement of water only (passive)

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16
Q

Why is diffusion important for the survival of cells? Use either cellular respiration or photosynthesis in your answer.

A

the movement of reactants/products in and out of the cell is necessary for both processes to function

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17
Q

What does TP stand for in ATP?

A

triphosphate

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18
Q

How is ATP different than ADP?

A

one phosphate difference. ATP has more stored energy

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19
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

stores energy within its bonds

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20
Q

Where does the energy come from to make ATP?

A

food

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21
Q

What kinds of organisms use ATP?

A

all organisms

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22
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

the breakdown of food to get energy

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23
Q

What happens to food molecules as a result of cellular respiration?

A

bonds within food molecules are broken and the energy is either used directly or stored as ATP

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24
Q

In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

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25
Q

Describe two ways that fermentation (anaerobic respiration is different than cellular respiration.

A

no ATP made, no oxygen used

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26
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

produces food from the sun’s energy

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27
Q

What do monomers and polymers have to do with photosynthesis?

A

photosynthesis produces monomers (ie glucose), which may be assembled into polymers (ie starch, cellulose)

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28
Q

What does photosynthesis turn carbon dioxide into?

A

During Calvin Cycle, the carbon from carbon dioxide is used to construct glucose

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29
Q

Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplasts

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30
Q

What are the waste products of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen

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31
Q

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——–> C6H12O2 + 6O2

(Sunlight reaching chlorophyll)

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32
Q

What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?

A

O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O ——-> CO2 + H2O

(ADP into ATP)

33
Q

How do the formulas relate?

A

they are the reverse of each other

34
Q

What is the only thing not recycled between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

energy

35
Q

What is needed in order to speed the reactions of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

enzyme

36
Q

How does the temperature affect both photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Explain.

A

too hot or cold temperatures may slow down or stop both processes because of the temperature directly affecting the enzymes involved in both

37
Q

What are the monomers used to build proteins?

A

amino acids

38
Q

Explain how the variety of protein monomers compares to the variety of carbohydrate and lipid monomers.

A

20 amino acids enhance the number of different types of proteins

39
Q

How does the variety of protein monomers relate to the variety of protein functions?

A

number of amino acids, type, and arrangement dictate the variety of proteins and their functions

40
Q

What are the functions of proteins? Give examples of things that are made of protein.

A

enzyme catalysts, transport molecules, storage molecules - muscles, blood, brain cells, nerve cells, skin

41
Q

What are the monomers used to make lipids?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

42
Q

List three ways saturated fats are different than unsaturated fats.

A

saturated fats are solid at room temperature, have single bonds in fatty acids, and mostly animals

43
Q

What are the primary functions of lipids?

A

energy storage

44
Q

What are the monomers used to make carbohydrates called?

A

monosaccharides

45
Q

What are the three main types of carbohydrates? How do they differ from one another in terms of structure and function?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides - monosaccharides only have one molecule of sugar, di has two, and poly has many

46
Q

List two things that organic molecules have in common with each other

A

all living things have them and C, H, O

47
Q

What happens to organic molecules when you eat them?

A

broken down via enzymes and either used as a direct energy source or their energy is stored as ATP

48
Q

What happens to the shape of enzymes if they get too hot? What affect does this have on reaction rate or activity?

A

the shape changes which is permanent, thus enzyme no longer functions

49
Q

What is a reactant? How is a reactant different than an enzyme?

A

the molecule at the beginning of the reaction which is changed permanently by an enzyme (can be used over again)

50
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

51
Q

Why is DNA so important?

A

DNA tells the cells how to function

52
Q

Where is DNA found

A

nucleus

53
Q

What does DNA look like?

A

double helix

54
Q

What is the monomer of DNA?

A

nucleotide (phosphate, base, sugar)

55
Q

What are the 3 things that make up a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen Base

56
Q

What are the 4 types of nitrogen bases in DNA and what are their complementary bases?

A

A and T

C and G

57
Q

DNA stores “genetic information;” what is this genetic information used to do in a cell?

A

controls the cell/organism

58
Q

Why is the sequence of nucleotides so important in the structure of DNA?

A

determines the type of genes. bases are protected in the middle of the helix bonded by hydrogen bonds

59
Q

How is the sequence of amino acids in the making of protein determined?

A

the order of nitrogen base pairs

60
Q

What monomers make up proteins?

A

amino acids

61
Q

Name three things that determine the structure of protein.

A

number of amino acids, the type, and arrangement dictate the variety of proteins and their functions

62
Q

What are two functions of proteins?

A

makes up enzymes

structural component of organisms

63
Q

Give two examples of human body structure made from proteins

A

muscles, bones

64
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 pairs)

65
Q

How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

66
Q

How are the chromosomes in a homologous pair similar to each other?

A

similar but not exactly the same; half came from each parent

67
Q

How are the chromosomes in a homologous pair different than each other?

A

different alleles (genes) from the parents

68
Q

How many cells are created by mitosis?

A

(cytokinesis) two daughter cells

69
Q

How do two cells created by mitosis compare to each other?

A

exactly the same (clones)

70
Q

How does one cell created by mitosis compare to the cell it was created from?

A

exactly the same (clones)

71
Q

A cell with 24 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will be present in each of the cells produced?

A

24

72
Q

What are the three primary purposes of mitosis?

A

same number of chromosomes, repair tissue, growth

73
Q

In terms of mitosis, how are cancer cells different from cells that are not cancerous?

A

cancer cell grows abnormally fast due to cell cycle genes being mutated

74
Q

Explain how cancer relates to mutations.

A

genes responsible for the cell cycle are mutation via mutagens and/or spontaneous mutagens

75
Q

Explain two ways that the cells produced by meiosis are different than the cells produced by mitosis.

A

4 new daughter cells

half the number of chromosomes

76
Q

What separates during the first division of meiosis?

A

homologous pairs

77
Q

What separates during the second division of meiosis?

A

sister chromatids

78
Q

A cell with 24 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many chromosomes will be present in each of the cells that are produced?

A

12

Semester 1 Finals (4 decks)

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