Biology Colouring Book

Question 1

What characterises living things?

Answer 1

Movement, homeostasis, energy utilisation, reproduction, growth & development

Question 2

What six elements comprise most animals?

Answer 2

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium

Question 3

What five elements comprise most plants?

Answer 3

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen & phosphorus

Question 4

How many orbitals and electrons are the maximum possible in the first shell of an atom?

Answer 4

1 orbital, 2 electrons

Question 5

How many orbitals are there in the second shell of an atom and what are they called?

Answer 5

4 orbitals, called 2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz

Question 6

How many electrons can be held in the second shell of an atom?

Answer 6

8

Question 7

What does it mean for an element to be an ion?

Answer 7

When the element has given away or taken an electron to complete it’s outer shell, it becomes electrically charged due to the imbalance between protons and electrons. This is an ion.

Question 8

What is crystallization as it relates to ions?

Answer 8

It’s the aligning of ions as water evaporates to balance out the charges.

Question 9

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 9

The force between positive and negative ions which can hold them together (eg. in a crystal)

Question 10

What does it mean when ionic bonds dissociate?

Answer 10

The ions which were bonded separate

Question 11

Why are carbon ions uncommon?

Answer 11

Because Carbon has 6 protons, neutrons and electrons, so it needs to gain or lose 4 electrons to fill its outer shell. In either case there is a large negative or positive charge either failing to hold onto the excess electrons or being so strong as to pull electrons from other atoms.

Question 12

What is a molecule?

Answer 12

When two or more elements share electrons so they can fill their outer shells, this holds the atoms together into a molecule.

Question 13

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 13

Each pair of shared electrons in a molecule

Question 14

Why is a water molecule ‘polar’ and what does this mean?

Answer 14

Polar means having poles - ie. opposite electric charges on different regions of the molecule. Water is polar because the 8 protons in the oxygen nucleus attract the shared electrons more than the hydrogen nucleus, they slightly overbalance the protons leading to the oxygen being negatively charged. Similarly the hydrogen atom is slightly positively charged since the electrons spend less time around it.

Question 15

What molecule dissolves the most different substances?

Answer 15

Water H2O

Question 16

What are some examples of the substances water can dissolve?

Answer 16

Salts, sugars, proteins, hormones, oxygen, CO2

Question 17

How does a capillary work?

Answer 17

A capillary is a tube of very fine diameter made from a polar substance. Due to its polar nature water will climb a capillary due to electrical attraction in defiance of gravity.

Question 18

What is the consequence of water having a high specific heat?

Answer 18

This means water can absorb a lot of great energy without increasing temperature much. This is due to the strong hydrogen bonds. The effect of this is to reduce temperature fluctuations in substances containing water.

Question 19

What does it mean to say that water has a high heat of vaporisation?

Answer 19

It takes a lot of heat to evaporate a little bit of water

Question 20

What does it mean to say that water has a high heat of fusion?

Answer 20

It takes a lot of heat energy to be removed in order to freeze water.

Question 21

Why does water have a surface membrane?

Answer 21

Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together so tightly that the water’s surface acts as a membrane.

Question 22

Why does frozen water take up more space than liquid water?

Answer 22

Because when water is cooled below 3.8 degrees C, it’s molecules slow down and start to arrange themselves into a crystal structure where each water molecules is hydrogen bonded to four other molecules. This crystal structure takes up more space than the liquid H2O.

Question 23

What ions are formed when water dissociates?

Answer 23

A hydrogen ion (H +), a hydroxide ion (OH -)

Question 24

What is an acid?

Answer 24

A molecule which dissociates releasing a hydrogen ion without releasing a hydroxide ion ie. a ‘proton donor’

Question 25

What is an alkali?

Answer 25

A molecule which dissociates releasing a hydroxide ion without releasing a hydrogen ion ie. a proton acceptor

Question 26

How is a base or acid neutralised?

Answer 26

By combining the same volume of acid or base respectively, since the hydroxide ion and the hydrogen ion combine to make water.

Question 27

How is it that carbon can form so many different compounds of high complexity?

Answer 27

Because of its tendency to form four covalent bonds in four different directions sure to is atomic weight

Question 28

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 28

A compound containing water and carbon in the ratio 1:1 eg. (CH2O)n

Question 29

What is the chemical formula for glycerose and what is it?

Answer 29

C3H6O3 it’s a monosaccharide

Question 30

What is an isomer?

Answer 30

Compounds with the same empirical formula but different arrangements of atoms

Question 31

Which monosaccharide circulates in our blood to supply energy to the cells?

Answer 31

Glucose

Question 32

What is the empirical formula of glucose?

Answer 32

C6H12O6