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biology classwork Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a monomer

A

a monomer is the smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

what is a polymer

A

a polymer is molecules made from large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

a disaccharide is two monosaccharides joined together

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4
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a monosaccharide is a single sugar molecule

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5
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

a polysaccharide is a polymer made of many sugar monomers (monosaccharides)

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6
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

an hydrolysis reaction is when it breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involve the use of a water molecule

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7
Q

what is condensation reaction

A

condensation reaction joins two molecules together by chemical bonds and involves elimination of water

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8
Q

what is an isomer

A

an isomer is molecules with the same molecular formula, but have different arrangements of their atoms

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9
Q
A

carbohydrates is a hexose sugar (glucose). the term hexose indicates the sugar that consists of six carbon atoms in its structure. the monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose also consist of 6 carbon atoms in their structure, that is why they are considered as hexose.

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10
Q

what is a hexose sugar

A

a hexose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with six carbon atoms. the chemical formula for all hexose is C6H12O6., and their molecular weight is 180.156g/mol.

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11
Q

what is the chemical formula for all hexose

A

all hexose chemical formula: C6H12O6

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12
Q

what are the two forms of glucose

A

alpha glucose and beta glucose

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13
Q

what are the differences of A and B forms of glucose

A

the key difference between the two lies in the orientation of the hydroxyl group which is on the same side in an alpha-glucose and on the opposite sides in the beta-glucose. the alpha glucose is more reactive to enzymes because of this, enzymes easily break the alpha glucose, alpha-glucose is also less stable.

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14
Q

how to identify hydrogen bonds

A

hydrogen bonds must be drawn with dotted lines

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15
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A

a hydrogen bond is the electromagnetic attraction created between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and nearby electronegative atom. a hydrogen bond is a type of dipole-dipole interaction; it is not a true chemical bond.

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16
Q

what is cytosol

A

cytosol is cytoplasm by itself with no other functions with it. cytosol is the fluid in which organelles of the cells residue.

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17
Q

what are the most common disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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18
Q

what is maltose

A

malt sugar- It is formed from 2 glucose molecules joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

19
Q

what is sucrose

A

table sugar- It is formed from glucose and fructose joined by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

20
Q

what is lactose

A

milk sugar- It is formed from galactose and glucose joined by a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond. ( 2 forms of lactose are one with alpha glucose and one with beta glucose but its always beta galactose )

21
Q

what is a glycosidic bond

A

A glycosidic bond, also known as a glycosidic linkage, is a chemical bond in the form of a covalent connection that connects a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which might be another carbohydrate or not.

22
Q

what is a glycosidic bond

A

A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides forms a glycosidic bond. Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides: maltose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules. sucrose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

23
Q

molecule : carbohydrates
what’s the individual units and general function

A

individual unit- monosaccharide
general function- source of energy

24
Q

molecule : lipid
what’s the individual units and general function

A

individual unit: carbohydrate
general function: insulation energy source

25
Q

molecule : protein
what’s the individual units and general function

A

individual unit: amino acids
general function: muscle buildings/ antibodies

26
Q

molecule : nucleic acid
what’s the individual units and general function

A

individual unit: single nucleotides
general function:

27
Q

what does carbohydrates contain

A

carbohydrates contain:
.carbon
.hydrogen
.oxygen

28
Q

what does lipids contain

A

lipids contain:
.carbon
.hydrogen
.oxygen

29
Q

what does nucleic acid contain

A

nucleic acid contains:
.carbon
.hydrogen
.oxygen
.nitrogen
.phosphorous

30
Q

what do proteins contain

A

proteins contains :
.carbon
.hydrogen
.oxygen
.nitrogen

31
Q

what does water contain

A

water contains:
.hydrogen
.oxygen

32
Q

what are the glucose properties

A

glucose properties:
. polar- unequal distribution
.soluble in water due to hydrogen bonds that form between hydroxyl group and water molecules
.solubility means glucose is dissolved in the cytosol of the cell
(cytoplasm is the internal fluid of cells composed of cytosol -water, salts, organic molecules- organelles and cytoskeleton.)

33
Q

what is hydrogen bonds

A

hydrogen bonds:
.hydrogen bonds is drawn with dotted lines
.hydrogen bond is where a slightly positively charged part of a molecule meets a slightly negatively charged part of another molecule

34
Q

what are the 3 common monosaccharide

A

monosaccharide
.glucose
.fructose
.galactose

35
Q

what are the 3 common disaccharides

A

disaccharides
.sucrose
.lactose
.maltose

36
Q

what are the 3 common polysaccharides

A

polysaccharides
.starch
.cellulose
.glycogen

37
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

disaccharides :
.formed from two monosaccharides
.joined by a glycoside bond
.a condensation reaction

38
Q

how is maltose formed

A

glucose + glucose = maltose

39
Q

how is lactose formed

A

glucose + galactose =lactose

40
Q

how is sucrose formed

A

glucose + fructose = sucrose

41
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

a disaccharide joins 2 monosaccharides together by a 1-4 glycosidic bond

42
Q

what are reducing sugars

A
43
Q
A

biology as-level (2 decks)

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