biology chpt 1 Flashcards
1
Q
group of organisms that are physically similar and can interbreed in nature
A
species
2
Q
is there spontaneous generation of species?
A
NO
3
Q
everything living is made of cells, all cells are produced by other cells
A
the cell theory
4
Q
contain only one type of atom
A
element
5
Q
made of protons and neutrons
A
nucleus
6
Q
number of protons
A
atomic number
7
Q
protons plus neutrons
A
atomic mass
8
Q
atoms of same element with different number of neutrons
A
isotopes
9
Q
electrically charged atoms
A
ions
10
Q
electron energy level
A
shell
11
Q
how many electrons can be on an outside valance shell (with an inner shell)
A
8
12
Q
atoms combined into single unit through form of attraction (bond)
A
molecules
13
Q
when two atoms share electrons
A
covalent bond
14
Q
outermost orbital electrons
A
valence electrons
15
Q
molecules stable when…
A
bond fills valence shell electrons
16
Q
a bond characterized by unequal sharing of electrons
A
polar covalent bonds
17
Q
difference in ability of atoms to attract electrons
A
electronegativity
18
Q
a bond between atoms with the same electronegativity
A
nonpolar covalent bond
19
Q
polar molecules interact with other polar molecules
A
true
20
Q
water loving, often polar
A
hydrophilic
21
Q
water fearing, nonpolar
A
hydrophobic
22
Q
capable of dissolving many substances
A
solvent
23
Q
polar molecules exclude nonpolar ones
A
hydrophobic effect
24
Q
interaction between hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
A
hydrogen bond
25
measure of the concentration of protons in solution
pH
26
lower pH (7 or less), more H+
acidic pH
27
high pH (7+), less H+
basic pH
28
positive ions
cations
29
negative ions
anions
30
electrons in outer shell
valence electrons
31
groups of 1+ atoms with special chemical properties (ex: -OH, -NH2, COOH)
functional groups
32
all cells come from other cells
cell division
33
showed new species appeared
fossil record
34
darwins idea that variation of traits are heritable and certain traits allow for better survival
natural selection
35
transform matter, acquire/store and produce energy, stay organized, coordinate with other cells, acquire and save info from environment, pass info to offspring
functions of cells
36
intracellular
inside cells
37
great solvent
water
38
moves things short distances from regions of high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
39
equal electronegativity elements
H,C, P, S
40
electronegative elements
O, N
41
electrical attraction between positive and negative charged ends, weak bonds
hydrogen bonds
42
what gives water adhesion, cohesion, higher specific heat, and greater spacing between molecules when solid
polarity
43
carbon containing molecules
organic molecules
44
how many bonds do carbon atoms form
4
45
molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures
isomers
46
macromolecules that provide structural support and act as catalysts
proteins
47
macromolecules that encode and transmit genetic info
nucleic acids
48
macromolecules that provide energy and make up cell walls in bacteria/plants/algae
carbohydrates
49
macromolecules that make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as signaling molecules
lipids
50
made up of amino acids
proteins
51
proteins that function as catalysts
enzymes
52
made up of alpha carbon, amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), hydrogen atoms, and R group side chain
amino acids
53
type of bond that links carboxyl group and nitrogen atom in amino group
peptide bond
54
formation of peptide bond that involves loss of water molecule
dehydration reaction
55
made up of 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen containing compound (base), and 1+ phosphate group
nucleotide
56
bond that connects nucleotides
phosphodiester bond
57
simplest carb/sugar, linear and cyclic with 5/6 carbon, all 6 C6H12O6
saccharides
58
combined simple sugars
polysaccharides
59
bonds that attach monosaccharides
glycosidic bonds
60
macromolecules that are hydrophobic, not defined by chemical structure
lipid
61
lipid used for energy storage (3 fatty acids + glycerol)
triglycerol
62
molecule made of only C and H atoms
hydrocarbon
63
fatty acid with no double bonds
saturated
64
molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
amphipathic molecules
65
molecules contain potential energy in bonds
true
66
stored ability to cause motion
potential energy
67
energy of motion
kinetic energy
68
molecular motion creates
heat
69
all cells use energy in the form of
ATP
70
organisms that get energy from sunlight
phototrophs
71
organisms that get energy from chemical compounds
chemotrophs
72
organisms that eat other organisms derived from other orgs
heterotrophs
73
what type of troph are animals
chemoheterotrophs
74
set of chemical reactions that sustain life (convert molecules and transfer energy)
metabolism
75
type of metabolism that breaks down molecules into smaller units producing ATP (exergonic)
catabolism
76
type of metabolism that builds molecules from small units, requires ATP (endergonic)
anabolism
77
law that energy is conserved and can not be created or destroyed
1st law of thermodynamics
78
law that energy transformations always result in an increase in disorder in the universe
2nd law of thermodynamics
79
degree of disorder
entropy
80
an increase in temperature results in an increase of
disorder
81
the energy available to do work
Gibbs Free energy (delta G)
82
positive G
endergonic reaction (nonspontaneous, requires energy)
83
negative G
exergonic (spontaneous, releases energy)
84
G = total energy minus the energy lost
calculation of gibbs free energy
85
nonspontaneous reactions are often coupled to spontaneous reactions
true
86
ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi
hydrolosis of ATP (exergonic reaction)
87
reduces energy of activation for a reaction, accelerates reaction without being consumed
catalyst
88
intermediate between reactions
transition state
89
water molecules stick together
cohesion
90
water molecules stick to other polar surfaces
adhesion
91
reactant in a reaction with a catalyst
substrate
92
where do enzymes bind substrates
active site
93
rate of chemical reactions
enzyme kinetics
94
what is enzyme affected by
temperature, pH, inhibitors, activators
95
an enzyme that competes with a substrate for active site
competitive inhibitor
96
when the final product inhibits the 1st step of a reaction
negative feedback
97
is there more energy in C-H bonds or C-O bonds
C-H bonds
98
reactions that require free energy must be
coupled
99
glucose + Pi ----> Glucose 6 phosphate + H2O
reaction that is coupled with ATP hydrolysis
100
affects the speed of reaction, energy required to form an active intermediate
energy of activation
101
structure warrants
function
102
adds to stability of double helix
base stacking
103
protein also known as
polypeptide
104
sequence of amino acids dictates protein folding, which determines
function
105
sequence is
primary structure
106
interactions between amino acids
secondary structures
107
3D shape of polypeptide
tertiary structures
108
several polypeptides
quaternary structures
109
2 types of secondary structures
alpha helix and beta sheet
110
help proteins fold properly
chaperones
111
monosaccharides joined by dehydration rxn through
glycosidic linkage
112
ratio of elements in carbs
1C:2H:1O
113
big to small molecule reaction
exergonic
114
small to big molecules
endergonic
115
cohesion describes how water molecules
bond to each other via electrical attraction
116
could your cells make an amino acid or a nucleotide using glucose only
no
117
the R groups of amino acids all carry a positive charge and are hydrophobic
false
118
the breakdown of the polysaccharide starch into glucose monosaccharides is an exerginic rxn using
hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds
119
adding an enzyme to the breakdown of starch
does not change the net amount of free energy yielded
120
the quaternary structure of proteins refers to:
the complex that forms when a polypeptide chain interacts with other polypeptide chains
121
tertiary structure
folding created by bonding between R groups
122
process of the loss of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
denaturing
123
the loss of hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia involves a change in what structure of a protein?
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary (original change in primary)
124
region where genetic material is stored in prokaryotes
nucleoid
125
cell compartments
organelles
126
less bulky lipids with two tails
bilayer
127
lipid common in animal membranes, contains hydrophilic region and hydrophobic region
cholesterol
128
act as transporters, receptors, enzymes, and anchors
membrane proteins
129
two types of membrane proteins
channel and carrier
130
how does a cell membrane maintain homeostasis?
it is selectively permeable
131
net movement of substances from high to low concentration
diffusion
132
movement through diffusion
passive transport
133
movement directly through the membrane
simple diffusion
134
molecules that move through a membrane transporter
facilitated diffusion
135
net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
136
tendency of solution to draw water by osmosis
osmotic pressure
137
movement agains concentration gradient
active transport (primary and secondary)
138
electrical and chemical components of a gradient
electrochemical gradient
139
cell wall
made of carbs and proteins, provides structural support and protection
140
plants/fungal cells contain these to absorb water (cause turgor pressure)
vacuoles
141
shape of the cell depends on...
cytoskeleton
142
which structures are responsible for protein function?
secondary and tertiary
143
if there are 2 peptide bonds, how many amino acids?
3 amino acids
144
which group causes the tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein?
R group
145
entire content of cell besides nucleus
cytoplasm
146
organelle membranes are connected by...
vesicles
147
interconnected membranes make up the...
endomembrane system
148
when a vesicle fuses with a cell membrane and exits cell
exocytosis
149
openings in nucleus membrane
nuclear pores
150
sites of protein synthesis, free or in ER
ribosomes
151
bound by a single membrane, produces and transports proteins/lipids, site of production of membrane lipids, rough and smooth
Endoplasmic reticulum
152
modifies and sorts proteins and lipids, major site where carbs are added to lipids
Golgi apparatus
153
has proton electrochemical gradient, uses gradient as energy to synthesis ATP
Mitochondria
154
capture energy from sunlight and have green pigment
chloroplasts
155
how DNA recreates itself by splitting apart and bonding to bases
replication
156
biggish, mostly hydrophobic, not a polymer, contains hydrophobic carbon chains (fatty acids)
lipid
157
majority of membrane lipids are...
phospholipids
158
has a kink in hydrocarbon tail of lipid, helps to make membrane fluid
unsaturated fatty acid
159
organism that lives in association w another species
symbiont
160
partner lives within the other
endosymbiosis
161
chloroplasts originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria
true
162
the break down of organic molecules, releasing energy (creates ATP)
cellular respiration
163
when a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from enzyme substrate
substrate level phosphorylation
164
how is ATP generated?
substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
165
chemical energy is transferred to electron carriers, which carry to the electron transport chain, transferred along proteins to electron acceptors, harnessing ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
166
reaction where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another
oxidation reduction rxn (redox Rxn)
167
increased C-H bonds
reduced molecules
168
decreased C-H bonds,lose an electron
oxidized molecules
169
4 stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
170
what is the lipid bilayer permeable to?
large and small nonpolar molecules, dissolved gasses, very small polar molecules
171
what is the lipid bilayer not permeable to?
large polar molecules, small and large ions,
172
solute concentration is the same outside and inside the cell
isotonic
173
solute concentration is lower outside the cell
hypotonic
174
solute concentration is higher outside a cell, water leaves cell
hypertonic
175
can amino acid diffuse across a pure lipid bilayer
no
176
can steroids diffuse across a pure lipid membrane
yes
177
can phospholipids diffuse across a pure lipid bilayer
no
178
proteins embedded in the membrane
trans-membrane protein
179
does facilitated diffusion require energy
no, it goes with the concentration gradient
180
is active transport against the concentration gradient?
yes
181
how does facilitated diffusion work
through channels (pores) or carrier proteins
182
channels for water to speed up osmosis
aquaporins
183
the splitting of sugar through the oxidation of glucose and synthesis of ATP
glycolosis
184
space between the inner and outer membrane
intermembrane space
185
space enclosed by the inner membrane
mitochondrial matrix
186
the process that produces ATP and reduced electron carriers in the mitochondria
citric acid cycle
187
process that creates 2 acetyl CoA
pyruvate oxidation
188
can some bacteria run the citric acid cycle in reverse? takes up energy and take in CO2, produce organic molecules
yes
189
energy storing molecules and intermediates created for synthesis of other molecules (ATP, NADH)
forward citric acid cycle
190
NADH and FADH2
examples of electron carriers
191
the transfer of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane creates a
concentration charge gradient
192
an enzyme electron from complex 1 and 2, forms CoQH2
Coenzyme Q
193
where protons are released
cytochrome C
194
the source of potential energy
proton gradient
195
enzyme of F0 and F1
ATP synthase
196
Extracts energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen
fermentation
197
two types of fermentation
lactic acid and ethanol
198
how did cellular respiration evolve?
in a stepwise fashion from proton pumps
199
what is excess glucose stored as
glycogen in animals and starch in plants
200
what are other useful sources of energy?
fatty acids and proteins
201
how are fatty acids used to create energy?
beta oxidation
202
what does citrate act as?
an allosteric inhibitor of enzymes when ATP is abundant
203
how does the body produce energy when there is a burst of activity?
muscle convert glycogen to glucose
204
how does the body produce energy for longer activity?
aerobic respiration
205
transport against the concentration gradient
active transport
206
the two types of active transport
chemical rxn (primary) and cotransport (secondary)
207
protein of cotransport in opposite directions
antiporter
208
small membrane bound compartments inside cells
membrane vesicles (larger = vacuoles)
209
pinching off of membrane into the cell
endocytosis
210
fusion releases vesicle contents outside of cell
exocytosis
211
endosymbiosis
one organism consuming another organism and living together
212
works as a buffer and closes pores
cholesterol
213
aquaporins allow for
faster simple diffusion of water
214
how does primary active transport work?
directly coupled to ATP, opens a channel to pump
215
how does secondary active transport work?
diffusion energy used to power transport against conc gradient
216
very large molecules enter cells through
endocytosis
217
unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane allow for
more fluidity, but less stability in high temps
218
get electrons from C-H bonds, reduce NAD+ to NADH, use electrons in oxidative phosphorylation
harnessing energy of electrons
219
glycolysis inputs and products
inputs glucose, makes 2 pyruvates, 2 ATPs, and 2 NADHS
220
kreb cycle inputs and outputs
takes 2 acetyl coA, which lose a C as CO2 and bind to coenzyme A, makes citric acid, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 acetyl coA
221
oxidative phosphorylation inputs and outputs
oxygen accepts electrons from NADH and FADH2, creates H2O and 26-34 ATP
222
spins as a result of proton gradient
ATP synthase
223
energy by sunlight captured into chemical forms
light capture
224
energy used to synthesize carbs from CO2
carbon fixation
225
what is the role of photosystem 2?
place where donated electrons are replaced by taking 2 from water, gives high energy electrons to H+ pumping transport chain
226
main pigment in photosynthesis that absorbs sunlight
chlorophyll
226
photosynthetic electron transport chain
synthesizes NADPH and ATP
226
lumen, thylakoid, grana
parts of the chloroplast
226
protein pigment complexes
photosystems
227
antenna chlorophyll transfers light energy to the
reaction center
228
ATP production by ATP synthase powered by proton gradient between thylakoid and stroma
photophosphorylation
229
additional protons moved into lumen
cyclic electron transport
230
enzyme in photosynthesis that catalyzes the incorporation of CO2
rubisco
231
back up of electrons results in
reactive oxygen species
232
rubisco binding to O2 instead of CO2 leading to a loss of energy and carbon
photorespiration
233
flow of ions across a lipid bilayer, usually referring to the flow of protons
chemiosmosis
234
total ATP produced through cellular respiration
30-38 ATP
235
2 guard cells protecting a central pore
stroma
236
plants that increase the concentration of CO2 near rubisco
C4 plants
237
what is the role of photosystem 1?
gets and excites electrons from H+ pumping electron transport chain, excited electrons donated to NADP+ to make NADPH or electrons go back to H+ pumping transport chain to make ATP
238
what pigments absorb different wavelengths and protect chlorophyll from too much light
accessory pigments
239
what are light reactions?
use light energy to make ATP, electrons in NADPH and O2, in thylakoid membrane
240
what are dark reactions?
use ATP, electrons in NADPH and CO2 to make sugar, in stroma
241
what does the calvin cycle do?
carbon fixation (makes 6 carbon chains using rubisco), reduction (uses electrons to produce 6 G3Ps, 18 Cs and 1 sugar), regeneration (remaining G3Ps regenerate RuBPS)
242
what is the enzyme for binding to CO2 in the calvin cycle?
rubisco
243
step one of the calvin cycle
carbon fixation, takes 3 5 carbon RuBP and 3CO2 and makes 6 3 carbon chains using rubisco
244
step 2 of calvin cycle
reduction, uses electrons from 6 NADPHs and 6 ATP to make G3Ps, 1 of which is used to make sugars
245
step 3 of calvin cycle
regeneration, remaining 5 G3Ps regenerate 3 5C RuBPs, need 3 ATP
246
when O2 binds to rubisco instead of CO2, leads to loss of carbon
photorespiration
247
what helps to stop photorespiration?
C4 plants and CAM plants
248
what is an unrepaired error in DNA replication?
mutation
249
when genetic info in DNA is used as template to generate RNA
transcription
250
when RNA is used as a code for the sequence of aminos acids in a protein
translation
251
overall process of transcription and translation
gene expression
252
how do plants keep CO2 high?
C4 and CAM plants store CO2 and release it before the calvin cycle
253
all domains have species that have in common
glycolysis, calvin cycle, reverse citric acid cycle, ATP synthase, electron transport chain
254
rock eaters with anaerobic respiration
chemolithotrophs
255
energy and electrons from organic molecules, use organic molecules as final electron acceptor, no O2 needed
anaerobic respiration
256
how is heredity passed to offspring?
DNA
257
special form of cell division to produce sperm/egg
meiosis
258
contain DNA and proteins
chromosomes
259
enzyme that synthesizes a new DNA strand from template
DNA polymerase
