Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL121 > Biology Chp 1 > Flashcards

Biology Chp 1 Flashcards

The Themes of Biology and Scientific Inquiry

1
Q

The five unifying themes of biology

chp 1

A

Organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, and evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reductionism

chp 1

A

An approach to biology that reduces complex systems to simpler components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Biosphere

chp 1

A

Consists of all life on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ecosystems

chp 1

A

All the living things in a particular area along with all the non-living components that life interacts with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Communities

chp 1

A

The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Populations

chp 1

A

All the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area that interbreed with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organisms

chp 1

A

Individual living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Organs

chp 1

A

A body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tissues

chp 1

A

A group of cells that work together, performing specialized function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cells

chp 1

A

life’s fundamental unit of structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Organelles

chp 1

A

the various functional components present in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Molecules

chp 1

A

a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Emergent Properties

chp 1

A

result from arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Systems biology

chp 1

A

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Structure and function are…

chp 1

A

correlated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell Theory (developed in the 1800s)

chp 1

A

All living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prokaryotic cells

chp 1

A
  • found in two groups of single-celled microorganisms, bacteria and archaea.
  • lacks nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles
  • generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Eukaryotic cells

chp 1

A
  • contains membrane-enclosed organelles
  • some organelles are found in cells of all eukaryotes, while others are specific to particular cell types
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Microbiome

chp 1

A

hundreds to thousands to millions of microorganisms living on one specific host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

chp 1

A
  • genetic material housed in structures called chromosomes
  • made up of two long chains called strands, arranged in a double helix
  • can have mutations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Genes

chp 1

A

units of inheritance that encode the information necessary to build all the molecules synthesized within a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Strands

chp 1

A
  • the chains that comprise a DNA molecule
  • made up of four kinds of nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mRNA

chp 1

A

messenger RNA which is translated into amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Amino acids

chp 1

A

protein building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gene expression

chp 1

A

the process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product

26
Q

Genome

chp 1

A

The entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

27
Q

Genomics

chp 1

A

the process of studying whole sets of genes or DNA in one or more species

28
Q

Proteomics

chp 1

A

the study of sets of proteins and their properties

29
Q

Proteome

chp 1

A

the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

30
Q

High Throughput Technology

chp 1

A

analyzes many samples rapidly

31
Q

Bioinformatics

chp 1

A

use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high throughput methods

32
Q

Formation of Interdisciplinary Research Teams

chp 1

A

helps to understand the large mass of knowledge from data

33
Q

Producers

chp 1

A

generate energy (photosynthetic organisms)

34
Q

Consumers

chp 1

A

feed off of other organisms

35
Q

Feedback Regulation

chp 1

A

the output or product of a process causes process to self-regulate

36
Q

Negative Feedback

chp 1

A

a loop in which response reduces initial stimulus

37
Q

Positive Feedback

chp 1

A

the end product speeds up its own production

38
Q

Climate Change

chp 1

A

a directional change to the global climate that lasts for three decades or more

39
Q

Evolution

chp 1

A

a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time

40
Q

Diversity

chp 1

A

differences between two species

41
Q

Unity

chp 1

A

the sharing of certain traits within different species

42
Q

Genus and Species

chp 1

A

two part name that helps classify the diversity of life

43
Q

Domain Bacteria

chp 1

A

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

44
Q

Domain Archaea

chp 1

A

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

45
Q

Domain Eukarya

chp 1

A
  • all eukaryotes
  • four subgroups:
    1. kingdom Plantae (food by photosynthesis)
    2. kingdom Fungi (absorb nutrients)
    3. kingdom Animalia (ingest food)
    4. Protists
46
Q

Protists

chp 1

A

mostly single-celled organisms

47
Q

Charles Darwin’s Observations and Theory of Natural Selection

chp 1

A

The natural environment consistently “selects” for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population.
3 Observations:
1. individuals in a population will vary with their traits
2. more offspring leads to more competition which means less survive
3. species are generally suited to their environment

48
Q

Inquiry

chp 1

A

The search for more information and explanations of natural phenomena

49
Q

Data

chp 1

A

recorded observations
- Qualitative: descriptions
- Quantitative: numerical measurements

50
Q

Inductive reasoning

chp 1

A

conclusions made through collecting and analyzing observations

51
Q

Hypothesis

chp 1

A

an explanation based on observations and assumptions. Must be testable

52
Q

Experiement

chp 1

A

a scientific test carried out under controlled conditions

53
Q

Deductive reasoning

chp 1

A

involves logic that flows in the opposite direction. From general to specific

54
Q

Controlled Experiment

chp 1

A

an experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

55
Q

Variables

chp 1

A

a feature or quantity that varies in an experiment
- Independent: factor being manipulated by researchers
- Dependent: factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable(s)

56
Q

Theory

chp 1

A

much broader than a hypothesis

57
Q

Model Organisms

chp 1

A

used to help understand many other organisms

58
Q

What do living things do?

chp 1

A

Breathe, eat, reproduce, grow, adapt, energy processes, regulation, order, respond to the environment

59
Q

Viruses

chp 1

A

Complexes of molecules (often just DNA/RNA and protein) that infect and reproduce in a host cell
- ordered, adapt, reproduce (in a host cell), regulate (in a host cell), process energy (in a host cell), grow and develop (components assemble in a host cell), respond to environment (in a host cell)

60
Q

“Synthetic” Bacteria cell

chp 1

A

Synthesized DNA genome in vitro (test tube)
- replace cell’s natural DNA with synthesized genome

61
Q

LUCA (last universal common ancestor)

chp 1

A

Living things have shared characteristics:
- cells, basic unit of life
- DNA
- Respiration (acquiring and transforming)

BIOL121 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions