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BIOL121 > Biology Chp 1 > Flashcards

Biology Chp 1 Flashcards

The Themes of Biology and Scientific Inquiry

1
Q

The five unifying themes of biology

chp 1

A

Organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, and evolution

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2
Q

Reductionism

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A

An approach to biology that reduces complex systems to simpler components

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3
Q

Biosphere

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A

Consists of all life on earth

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4
Q

Ecosystems

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A

All the living things in a particular area along with all the non-living components that life interacts with

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5
Q

Communities

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A

The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

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6
Q

Populations

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A

All the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area that interbreed with each other

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7
Q

Organisms

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A

Individual living things

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8
Q

Organs

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A

A body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

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9
Q

Tissues

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A

A group of cells that work together, performing specialized function

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10
Q

Cells

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A

life’s fundamental unit of structure

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11
Q

Organelles

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A

the various functional components present in cells

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12
Q

Molecules

chp 1

A

a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

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13
Q

Emergent Properties

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A

result from arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

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14
Q

Systems biology

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A

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

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15
Q

Structure and function are…

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A

correlated

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16
Q

Cell Theory (developed in the 1800s)

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A

All living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cells

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A
  • found in two groups of single-celled microorganisms, bacteria and archaea.
  • lacks nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles
  • generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
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18
Q

Eukaryotic cells

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A
  • contains membrane-enclosed organelles
  • some organelles are found in cells of all eukaryotes, while others are specific to particular cell types
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19
Q

Microbiome

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A

hundreds to thousands to millions of microorganisms living on one specific host

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20
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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A
  • genetic material housed in structures called chromosomes
  • made up of two long chains called strands, arranged in a double helix
  • can have mutations
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21
Q

Genes

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A

units of inheritance that encode the information necessary to build all the molecules synthesized within a cell

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22
Q

Strands

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A
  • the chains that comprise a DNA molecule
  • made up of four kinds of nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
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23
Q

mRNA

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A

messenger RNA which is translated into amino acids

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24
Q

Amino acids

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A

protein building blocks

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25
Q

Gene expression

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A

the process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product

26
Q

Genome

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A

The entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

27
Q

Genomics

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A

the process of studying whole sets of genes or DNA in one or more species

28
Q

Proteomics

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A

the study of sets of proteins and their properties

29
Q

Proteome

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A

the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

30
Q

High Throughput Technology

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A

analyzes many samples rapidly

31
Q

Bioinformatics

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A

use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high throughput methods

32
Q

Formation of Interdisciplinary Research Teams

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A

helps to understand the large mass of knowledge from data

33
Q

Producers

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A

generate energy (photosynthetic organisms)

34
Q

Consumers

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A

feed off of other organisms

35
Q

Feedback Regulation

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A

the output or product of a process causes process to self-regulate

36
Q

Negative Feedback

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A

a loop in which response reduces initial stimulus

37
Q

Positive Feedback

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A

the end product speeds up its own production

38
Q

Climate Change

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A

a directional change to the global climate that lasts for three decades or more

39
Q

Evolution

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A

a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time

40
Q

Diversity

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A

differences between two species

41
Q

Unity

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A

the sharing of certain traits within different species

42
Q

Genus and Species

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A

two part name that helps classify the diversity of life

43
Q

Domain Bacteria

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A

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

44
Q

Domain Archaea

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A

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

45
Q

Domain Eukarya

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A
  • all eukaryotes
  • four subgroups:
    1. kingdom Plantae (food by photosynthesis)
    2. kingdom Fungi (absorb nutrients)
    3. kingdom Animalia (ingest food)
    4. Protists
46
Q

Protists

chp 1

A

mostly single-celled organisms

47
Q

Charles Darwin’s Observations and Theory of Natural Selection

chp 1

A

The natural environment consistently “selects” for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population.
3 Observations:
1. individuals in a population will vary with their traits
2. more offspring leads to more competition which means less survive
3. species are generally suited to their environment

48
Q

Inquiry

chp 1

A

The search for more information and explanations of natural phenomena

49
Q

Data

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A

recorded observations
- Qualitative: descriptions
- Quantitative: numerical measurements

50
Q

Inductive reasoning

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A

conclusions made through collecting and analyzing observations

51
Q

Hypothesis

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A

an explanation based on observations and assumptions. Must be testable

52
Q

Experiement

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A

a scientific test carried out under controlled conditions

53
Q

Deductive reasoning

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A

involves logic that flows in the opposite direction. From general to specific

54
Q

Controlled Experiment

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A

an experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

55
Q

Variables

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A

a feature or quantity that varies in an experiment
- Independent: factor being manipulated by researchers
- Dependent: factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable(s)

56
Q

Theory

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A

much broader than a hypothesis

57
Q

Model Organisms

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A

used to help understand many other organisms

58
Q

What do living things do?

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A

Breathe, eat, reproduce, grow, adapt, energy processes, regulation, order, respond to the environment

59
Q

Viruses

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A

Complexes of molecules (often just DNA/RNA and protein) that infect and reproduce in a host cell
- ordered, adapt, reproduce (in a host cell), regulate (in a host cell), process energy (in a host cell), grow and develop (components assemble in a host cell), respond to environment (in a host cell)

60
Q

“Synthetic” Bacteria cell

chp 1

A

Synthesized DNA genome in vitro (test tube)
- replace cell’s natural DNA with synthesized genome

61
Q

LUCA (last universal common ancestor)

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A

Living things have shared characteristics:
- cells, basic unit of life
- DNA
- Respiration (acquiring and transforming)

BIOL121 (5 decks)

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