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Biology Chp 1 Flashcards

The Themes of Biology and Scientific Inquiry

1
Q

The five unifying themes of biology

chp 1

A

Organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, and evolution

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2
Q

Reductionism

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A

An approach to biology that reduces complex systems to simpler components

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3
Q

Biosphere

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A

Consists of all life on earth

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4
Q

Ecosystems

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A

All the living things in a particular area along with all the non-living components that life interacts with

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5
Q

Communities

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A

The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

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6
Q

Populations

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A

All the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area that interbreed with each other

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7
Q

Organisms

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A

Individual living things

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8
Q

Organs

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A

A body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

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9
Q

Tissues

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A

A group of cells that work together, performing specialized function

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10
Q

Cells

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A

life’s fundamental unit of structure

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11
Q

Organelles

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A

the various functional components present in cells

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12
Q

Molecules

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A

a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

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13
Q

Emergent Properties

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A

result from arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

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14
Q

Systems biology

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A

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

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15
Q

Structure and function are…

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A

correlated

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16
Q

Cell Theory (developed in the 1800s)

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A

All living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cells

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A
  • found in two groups of single-celled microorganisms, bacteria and archaea.
  • lacks nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles
  • generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
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18
Q

Eukaryotic cells

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A
  • contains membrane-enclosed organelles
  • some organelles are found in cells of all eukaryotes, while others are specific to particular cell types
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19
Q

Microbiome

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A

hundreds to thousands to millions of microorganisms living on one specific host

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20
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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A
  • genetic material housed in structures called chromosomes
  • made up of two long chains called strands, arranged in a double helix
  • can have mutations
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21
Q

Genes

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A

units of inheritance that encode the information necessary to build all the molecules synthesized within a cell

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22
Q

Strands

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A
  • the chains that comprise a DNA molecule
  • made up of four kinds of nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
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23
Q

mRNA

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A

messenger RNA which is translated into amino acids

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24
Q

Amino acids

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A

protein building blocks

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25
Gene expression ## Footnote chp 1
the process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product
26
Genome ## Footnote chp 1
The entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
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Genomics ## Footnote chp 1
the process of studying whole sets of genes or DNA in one or more species
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Proteomics ## Footnote chp 1
the study of sets of proteins and their properties
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Proteome ## Footnote chp 1
the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism
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High Throughput Technology ## Footnote chp 1
analyzes many samples rapidly
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Bioinformatics ## Footnote chp 1
use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high throughput methods
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Formation of Interdisciplinary Research Teams ## Footnote chp 1
helps to understand the large mass of knowledge from data
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Producers ## Footnote chp 1
generate energy (photosynthetic organisms)
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Consumers ## Footnote chp 1
feed off of other organisms
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Feedback Regulation ## Footnote chp 1
the output or product of a process causes process to self-regulate
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Negative Feedback ## Footnote chp 1
a loop in which response reduces initial stimulus
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Positive Feedback ## Footnote chp 1
the end product speeds up its own production
38
Climate Change ## Footnote chp 1
a directional change to the global climate that lasts for three decades or more
39
Evolution ## Footnote chp 1
a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time
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Diversity ## Footnote chp 1
differences between two species
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Unity ## Footnote chp 1
the sharing of certain traits within different species
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Genus and Species ## Footnote chp 1
two part name that helps classify the diversity of life
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Domain Bacteria ## Footnote chp 1
single-celled prokaryotic organisms
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Domain Archaea ## Footnote chp 1
single-celled prokaryotic organisms
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Domain Eukarya ## Footnote chp 1
- all eukaryotes - four subgroups: 1. kingdom Plantae (food by photosynthesis) 2. kingdom Fungi (absorb nutrients) 3. kingdom Animalia (ingest food) 4. Protists
46
Protists ## Footnote chp 1
mostly single-celled organisms
47
Charles Darwin's Observations and Theory of Natural Selection ## Footnote chp 1
The natural environment consistently "selects" for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population. 3 Observations: 1. individuals in a population will vary with their traits 2. more offspring leads to more competition which means less survive 3. species are generally suited to their environment
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Inquiry ## Footnote chp 1
The search for more information and explanations of natural phenomena
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Data ## Footnote chp 1
recorded observations - Qualitative: descriptions - Quantitative: numerical measurements
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Inductive reasoning ## Footnote chp 1
conclusions made through collecting and analyzing observations
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Hypothesis ## Footnote chp 1
an explanation based on observations and assumptions. Must be testable
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Experiement ## Footnote chp 1
a scientific test carried out under controlled conditions
53
Deductive reasoning ## Footnote chp 1
involves logic that flows in the opposite direction. From general to specific
54
Controlled Experiment ## Footnote chp 1
an experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group
55
Variables ## Footnote chp 1
a feature or quantity that varies in an experiment - Independent: factor being manipulated by researchers - Dependent: factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable(s)
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Theory ## Footnote chp 1
much broader than a hypothesis
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Model Organisms ## Footnote chp 1
used to help understand many other organisms
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What do living things do? ## Footnote chp 1
Breathe, eat, reproduce, grow, adapt, energy processes, regulation, order, respond to the environment
59
Viruses ## Footnote chp 1
Complexes of molecules (often just DNA/RNA and protein) that infect and reproduce in a host cell - ordered, adapt, reproduce (in a host cell), regulate (in a host cell), process energy (in a host cell), grow and develop (components assemble in a host cell), respond to environment (in a host cell)
60
"Synthetic" Bacteria cell ## Footnote chp 1
Synthesized DNA genome in vitro (test tube) - replace cell's natural DNA with synthesized genome
61
LUCA (last universal common ancestor) ## Footnote chp 1
Living things have shared characteristics: - cells, basic unit of life - DNA - Respiration (acquiring and transforming)

BIOL121 (5 decks)

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