Biology chapter 7 term 3 Flashcards
the change of energy from one form to another
Transformation of energy
the ability to do work
energy
is the study of the flow and tranformation of energy in the universe
Thermodynamics
is the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed
The first law of Thermodynamics
states that energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy
The second law of Thermodynamics
is the measure of disorder or usable energy in a system
entropy increase
make their own food
Autotrophs
is Light energy (sun) converted to chemical energy
Photoautotrophs
obtain food from other organisms
Heterotrophs
obtain energy from chemical reactions, use inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide
Chemotrophs
All of the chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as a cell’s
metabolism
A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the surface for the next reaction is called
metabolic pathway
pathways release energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules
catabolic pathways
use the energy released by catabolic pathways to build larger molecules from smaller molecules
anabolic pathways
is the anabolic pathway in which light energy is converted to stored chemical energy by converting carbon dioxide plus released oxygen
photosynthesis
is a catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy
cellular respiration
is the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy
Adenosine triphosphate
is a multipurpose storhouse if chemical energy that can be used by cells in a variety of reactions
ATP structure
is the most abundant energy carrier molecule in cells and is found in all types of organisms
ATP
a nucleotide made of an adenine base, a ribosome sugar and three phosphate groups
ATP
releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken
ATP
a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates. Its most important role is that it is combined with a phosphate molecule to make ATP
ADP
The products and reactants of photosynthesis are identified in the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis, which is?
6CO2+6H2O——>C6 H12 O6 +6O2
what are the 2 phases of photosynthesis?
light-dependent reactions
light-independent reactions
light energy is captured, or absorbed, by organelles called
chloroplasts
light energy is captured, or absorbed, by organelles called chloroplasts. it is then converted into chemical energy, which is stored in ATP and NADPH molecules. which phase is this?
light-dependent reactions
molecules of ATP and NADPH that were formed in the phase one light-dependent reactions are used to make glucose. which phase is this?
light-independent reactions
once glucose is produced,
it can be joined to other simple sugars to form complex carbohydrates, such as starch. The glucose molecules that are formed contain carbon, hydrogen,and oxygen. their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acids .
step 3 of photosynthesis
capture light energy in photosynthesis organisms in plants, and are found mainly in the cells of leaves
chloroplasts
chloroplasts contain two main compartments essential in photosynthesis, what are they?
Thylakoids, stroma
are flattened, saclike membranes that are arranged in stacks
Thylakoids
The stacks of thylakoids are called
grana (singular, granum)
The fluid-filled space that is outside the grana and is the location of the light-independent reactions that take place in phase two of photosynthesis
Stroma
light absorbing colored molecules and are found in the thylakoid membranes
pigments
The major light-absorbing pigments in plants are
chlorophylls
There are several types of chlorophylls but the two most common types are
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
chlorophylls absorb light energy most strongly in
the violet-blue region and reflect light in the green region
absorb light mainly in the blue and green regions of the spectrum, while reflecting most light in the yellow, orange, and red regions ( are the pigments that produce the colors of carrots and sweet potatoes )
Carotenoids
is the process that helps plants make their own energy, using sunlight as their main source of power
chemiosmosis
is another name in phase 2 of photosynthesis ( light-independent reaction)
Calvin cycle
…..in which energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose
calvin cycle
Organisms obtain energy from a process called……, during which the bonds of food and oxygen molecules are broken and energy transfers from one set of interacting molecules to another.
cellular respiration
cellular respiration is summarized in the equation
C6 H6 O6+ 6O2 +6H2O—->
6CO2 + 6H2 O + Energy
cellular respiration has two main parts
Anaerobic processes and Aerobic processes
do not require oxygen
Anaerobic processes
require oxygen
Aerobic processes
is an anaerobic process
Glycolysis
is an aerobic process
Krebs cycle , electron transport
glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through a process of
Glycolysis
is broken down during glycolysis inside the cytoplasm of cells
Glucose
The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the
Krebs cycle or the (tricarboxylic acid) or (citric cycle)
occurs in the cytoplasm and regenerates the cell’s supply of NAD+ while producing a small amount of ATP
Fermentation
what are the two types of fermentation?
Lactic Acid fermentation, Alcohol Fermentation
enzymes convert the pyruvate made during glycolysis to
Lactic acid fermentation
occurs in yeast and some bacteria
Alcohol Fermentation
what are the products of photosynthesis?
oxygen and glucose
what are the products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide and water
one adaptive pathway that helps plants maintain photosynthesis while minimizing water loss is the….
C4 pathway (plants)
occurs in plants such as sugarcane and corn
C4 pathway
keep their stomata(plant cell pores) closed during hot days, while the Four-carbon compounds are transferred to special cells where CO2 enters the Calvin cycle. this helps minimize water loss
C4 plants
another adaptive pathway used by some plants to maximize photosynthetic activity is called
crassulacean
occurs in water-conserving plants that live in the desserts,salt marshes and other environments where access to water is limited
CAM plants
what are some examples of CAM plants?
cacti, orchids, and pineapples
allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaves only at night, when the atmosphere is cooler and more humid
CAM plants
