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11b > Biology chapter 7 term 3 > Flashcards

Biology chapter 7 term 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the change of energy from one form to another

A

Transformation of energy

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2
Q

the ability to do work

A

energy

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3
Q

is the study of the flow and tranformation of energy in the universe

A

Thermodynamics

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4
Q

is the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed

A

The first law of Thermodynamics

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5
Q

states that energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy

A

The second law of Thermodynamics

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6
Q

is the measure of disorder or usable energy in a system

A

entropy increase

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7
Q

make their own food

A

Autotrophs

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8
Q

is Light energy (sun) converted to chemical energy

A

Photoautotrophs

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9
Q

obtain food from other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

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10
Q

obtain energy from chemical reactions, use inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide

A

Chemotrophs

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11
Q

All of the chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as a cell’s

A

metabolism

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12
Q

A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the surface for the next reaction is called

A

metabolic pathway

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13
Q

pathways release energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules

A

catabolic pathways

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14
Q

use the energy released by catabolic pathways to build larger molecules from smaller molecules

A

anabolic pathways

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15
Q

is the anabolic pathway in which light energy is converted to stored chemical energy by converting carbon dioxide plus released oxygen

A

photosynthesis

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16
Q

is a catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy

A

cellular respiration

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17
Q

is the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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18
Q

is a multipurpose storhouse if chemical energy that can be used by cells in a variety of reactions

A

ATP structure

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19
Q

is the most abundant energy carrier molecule in cells and is found in all types of organisms

A

ATP

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20
Q

a nucleotide made of an adenine base, a ribosome sugar and three phosphate groups

A

ATP

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21
Q

releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken

A

ATP

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22
Q

a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates. Its most important role is that it is combined with a phosphate molecule to make ATP

A

ADP

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23
Q

The products and reactants of photosynthesis are identified in the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis, which is?

A

6CO2+6H2O——>C6 H12 O6 +6O2

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24
Q

what are the 2 phases of photosynthesis?

A

light-dependent reactions
light-independent reactions

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25
Q

light energy is captured, or absorbed, by organelles called

A

chloroplasts

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26
Q

light energy is captured, or absorbed, by organelles called chloroplasts. it is then converted into chemical energy, which is stored in ATP and NADPH molecules. which phase is this?

A

light-dependent reactions

27
Q

molecules of ATP and NADPH that were formed in the phase one light-dependent reactions are used to make glucose. which phase is this?

A

light-independent reactions

27
Q

once glucose is produced,
it can be joined to other simple sugars to form complex carbohydrates, such as starch. The glucose molecules that are formed contain carbon, hydrogen,and oxygen. their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acids .

A

step 3 of photosynthesis

28
Q

capture light energy in photosynthesis organisms in plants, and are found mainly in the cells of leaves

A

chloroplasts

29
Q

chloroplasts contain two main compartments essential in photosynthesis, what are they?

A

Thylakoids, stroma

30
Q

are flattened, saclike membranes that are arranged in stacks

A

Thylakoids

31
Q

The stacks of thylakoids are called

A

grana (singular, granum)

32
Q

The fluid-filled space that is outside the grana and is the location of the light-independent reactions that take place in phase two of photosynthesis

A

Stroma

33
Q

light absorbing colored molecules and are found in the thylakoid membranes

A

pigments

34
Q

The major light-absorbing pigments in plants are

A

chlorophylls

35
Q

There are several types of chlorophylls but the two most common types are

A

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

36
Q

chlorophylls absorb light energy most strongly in

A

the violet-blue region and reflect light in the green region

37
Q

absorb light mainly in the blue and green regions of the spectrum, while reflecting most light in the yellow, orange, and red regions ( are the pigments that produce the colors of carrots and sweet potatoes )

A

Carotenoids

38
Q

is the process that helps plants make their own energy, using sunlight as their main source of power

A

chemiosmosis

39
Q

is another name in phase 2 of photosynthesis ( light-independent reaction)

A

Calvin cycle

40
Q

…..in which energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose

A

calvin cycle

41
Q

Organisms obtain energy from a process called……, during which the bonds of food and oxygen molecules are broken and energy transfers from one set of interacting molecules to another.

A

cellular respiration

42
Q

cellular respiration is summarized in the equation

A

C6 H6 O6+ 6O2 +6H2O—->
6CO2 + 6H2 O + Energy

43
Q

cellular respiration has two main parts

A

Anaerobic processes and Aerobic processes

44
Q

do not require oxygen

A

Anaerobic processes

45
Q

require oxygen

A

Aerobic processes

46
Q

is an anaerobic process

A

Glycolysis

47
Q

is an aerobic process

A

Krebs cycle , electron transport

48
Q

glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through a process of

A

Glycolysis

49
Q

is broken down during glycolysis inside the cytoplasm of cells

A

Glucose

50
Q

The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the

A

Krebs cycle or the (tricarboxylic acid) or (citric cycle)

51
Q

occurs in the cytoplasm and regenerates the cell’s supply of NAD+ while producing a small amount of ATP

A

Fermentation

52
Q

what are the two types of fermentation?

A

Lactic Acid fermentation, Alcohol Fermentation

53
Q

enzymes convert the pyruvate made during glycolysis to

A

Lactic acid fermentation

54
Q

occurs in yeast and some bacteria

A

Alcohol Fermentation

55
Q

what are the products of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen and glucose

56
Q

what are the products of cellular respiration?

A

carbon dioxide and water

57
Q

one adaptive pathway that helps plants maintain photosynthesis while minimizing water loss is the….

A

C4 pathway (plants)

58
Q

occurs in plants such as sugarcane and corn

A

C4 pathway

59
Q

keep their stomata(plant cell pores) closed during hot days, while the Four-carbon compounds are transferred to special cells where CO2 enters the Calvin cycle. this helps minimize water loss

A

C4 plants

60
Q

another adaptive pathway used by some plants to maximize photosynthetic activity is called

A

crassulacean

61
Q

occurs in water-conserving plants that live in the desserts,salt marshes and other environments where access to water is limited

A

CAM plants

62
Q

what are some examples of CAM plants?

A

cacti, orchids, and pineapples

63
Q

allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaves only at night, when the atmosphere is cooler and more humid

A

CAM plants

11b (4 decks)

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