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11b > Biology chapter 6 term 3 > Flashcards

Biology chapter 6 term 3 Flashcards

1
Q

is a disease that is caused by a pathogen passed from one organism to another , disrupting homeostasis in the organism’s body

A

infectious disease

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2
Q

are the cause of infectious diseases. some, but not all, types of bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, and parasites are

A

pathogens

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3
Q

An organism that can be seen only through a microscope

A

microorganisms

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4
Q

demonstrated that microorganisms from the air are able to grow in nutrient solutions

A

Louis pasteur

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5
Q

states that some microorganisms are pathogens

A

The germ theory

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6
Q

clearly demonstrated the germ theory and developed his potulats

A

Robert Koch

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7
Q

is a german physician that studied a deadly disease that affects cattle, sheep and humans

A

Robert Koch

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8
Q

a deadly disease that affects cattle and sheep and can also affect people

A

anthrax

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9
Q

are rules for demonstrating that an organism causes a disease

A

Koch’s postulates

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10
Q

are steps followed to identify a specific pathogen as the agent of a specific disease

A

Koch’s postulates

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11
Q

The suspected pathogens must be isolated from the diseased host in every case of the disease

A

Postulate 1

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12
Q

The suspected pathogens must be grown in pure culture on artificial media in the laboratory

A

Postulate 2

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13
Q

The suspected pathogens from the pure culture must cause the same disease when placed in a healthy new host

A

Postulate 3

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14
Q

The suspected pathogens must be isolated from the new host, grown again in pure culture, and shown to have the same characteristics as the original pathogens

A

Postulate 4

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15
Q

cannot be grown in pure culture on artificial media

A

syphilis

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16
Q

are the nutrients that the bacteria need to survive and reproduce

A

Artificial media

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17
Q

are needed because viruses cannot be grown on artificial media

A

cultured cells

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18
Q

an infection of the coverings of the brain and spinal cord

A

meningitis

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19
Q

is a source of the pathogen in the environment and it can be animals,people, or inanimate objects, such as soil

A

Reservoir

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20
Q

are the main reservoir for pathogens that affect humans

A

Human

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21
Q

An individual that is symptom-free but capable of passing the pathogen is called a

A

carrier

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22
Q

Pathogens that cause colds, the flu, and sexually transmitted diseases, and can be passed on without the person knowing he or she is infected such as

A

HIV

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23
Q

is found in domestic dogs and many wild animals, such as bats,skunks, and racoons

A

Rabies

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24
Q

bacteria produce a potent toxin that causes spasms in voluntary muscles

A

The tetanus bacteria

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25
Q

usually is caused when a person consumes food in which the bacteria have grown and produced a toxin. This toxin paralyzes nerves.

A

Botulism

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26
Q

what are the known health agencies ?

A

community health department, (CDC), (WHO)

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27
Q

where are the headquarters of (CDC)?

A

in Atlanta, Georgia

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28
Q

some diseases, such as the common cold are known as….because small numbers of incidents are continually found within the population

A

endemic diseases

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29
Q

a particular disease will have a large outbreak in an area and afflict many people causing an

A

epidemic

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30
Q

if an epidemic is widespread throughout a large region such as a country, continent, or the entire globe it is described as

A

pandemic

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31
Q

protects the body from any pathogen that the body encounters and are not aimed at a specific pathogen

A

nonspecific immunity

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32
Q

helps to prevent disease and also helps to slow the progression of the disease

A

nonspecific immunity

33
Q

begins to develop its defenses and is the most effective immune response

A

specific immunity

34
Q

is the first line of defense

A

nonspecific immunity

35
Q

are used by the body to protect against pathogens

A

Barriers

36
Q

contains layers of living cells covered by many layers of dead skin cells

A

Skin barrier

37
Q

helps protect against invasion by microorganisms

A

dead skin layers

38
Q

These bacteria are found on human skin and provide protection from pathogens

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

39
Q

saliva, tears, and nasal secretions contain the enzyme lysozyme which breaks down bacterial cell walls, which kills pathogens

A

chemical barriers

40
Q

is a chemical which is secreted by many inner surfaces of the body. it acts as a productive barrier, blocking bacteria from sticking to the inner epithelial cells

A

mucus

41
Q

line the airway. Their beating motion sends any bacteria caught in the mucus away from the lungs

A

cilia

42
Q

a third chemical defence is the….secreted in your stomach. in addition to digestion, stomach acid kills many microorganisms found in food that could cause disease

A

hydrochloric acid

43
Q

involves specialized immune cells that respond when chemical and physical barriers are breached by foreign agents.

A

Cellular defense

44
Q

one method of defence is

A

phagocytosis white blood cells

45
Q

are phagocytosis

A

neutrophils and macrophages

46
Q

is the process by which phagocytic cells surround and internalize the foreign microorganisms

A

phagocytosis

47
Q

release digestive enzymes and other harmful chemicals from their lysosomes, destroying the microorganisms

A

phagocytes

48
Q

a series about 20 protein that are found in the blood plasma are called

A

complement proteins

49
Q

enhance phagocytosis by helping the phagocytic cells bind better to pathogens and activating the phagocytes

A

complement proteins

50
Q

Virus-infected cells secrete a protein called

A

interferon

51
Q

binds to neighboring cells and stimulates these cells to produce antiviral proteins which can prevent viral replication in these cells

A

interferon

52
Q

Another nonspecific response, is a complex series of events that involves many chemicals and immune cells that help enhance the overall immune response

A

inflammatory response

53
Q

are a type of white cells that is produced in red bone marrow and includes the lymph nodes,tonsils,spleen ,thymus gland

A

Lymphocytes

54
Q

are located in all lymphatic tissues and can be thought of as antibody factories

A

B cells

55
Q

are protein produced by lymphocytes that specifically react with a foreign antigen

A

Antibodies

56
Q

is a substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response, it can bind to an antibody or T cell

A

An antigen

57
Q

binds processed antigen and attaches to a B cells

A

helper T cells

58
Q

continue the process of binding antigens, attaching to B cells, and reproducing

A

helper T cells

59
Q

binds to a B cell holding an antigen, the B cells begins to manufacture antibodies that specifically bind to the antigen

A

helper T cells

60
Q

types of cell

A

neutrophils , macrophages , lymphocytes

61
Q

blood cells that ingest bacteria

A

Neutrophils

62
Q

blood cells that ingest bacteria and remove dead neutrophils and other debris

A

Macrophages

63
Q

specific immunity (antibodies and killing of pathogens) blood cells that produce antibodies and other chemicals

A

Lymphocytes

64
Q

Organs and cells that filter lymph and
blood and destroy foreign
microorganism

A

Lymphatic System

65
Q

is a clear fluid that contain
oxygen , nutrients, white blood cells.

A

Lymph

66
Q

Lymphocytes are produced in the…

A

Red bone marrow

67
Q

specific defences:

A

Lymphocytes, antibodies ,memory cells

68
Q

are a type of white blood cells that is produced in red bone marrow

A

Lymphocytes

69
Q

includes organs and cells that filter lymph and blood, destroy foreign microorganisms and absorb fat

A

Lymphatic System

70
Q

filter lymph and remove foreign materials from the blood

A

lymph node

71
Q

form protective ring of lymphatic tissues between nasal and oral cavities and protects nose and mouth against bacteria and harmful materials

A

tonsils

72
Q

stores blood and destroy damaged red blood cells

A

spleen

73
Q

activate lymphocytes called T cells which are produced in bone marrow

A

Thymus gland

74
Q

antibodies are proteins produced by

A

B cells (antibodies factory)

75
Q

Some activated B
cells remains as

A

memory cell

76
Q

stimulate the cells of the
immune system to divide and recruit
immune cells to an area of infection

A

Cytokines

77
Q

destroy pathogens and release chemicals called cytokines

A

cytotoxic T cells

78
Q

The body’s first response to an invasion by a pathogen is called

A

The primary response

79
Q

remember particular antigens so, if they appear in your body in the future, your immune system can mount a defense quickly

A

memory cells

11b (4 decks)

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