Biology chapter 6 term 3 Flashcards
is a disease that is caused by a pathogen passed from one organism to another , disrupting homeostasis in the organism’s body
infectious disease
are the cause of infectious diseases. some, but not all, types of bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, and parasites are
pathogens
An organism that can be seen only through a microscope
microorganisms
demonstrated that microorganisms from the air are able to grow in nutrient solutions
Louis pasteur
states that some microorganisms are pathogens
The germ theory
clearly demonstrated the germ theory and developed his potulats
Robert Koch
is a german physician that studied a deadly disease that affects cattle, sheep and humans
Robert Koch
a deadly disease that affects cattle and sheep and can also affect people
anthrax
are rules for demonstrating that an organism causes a disease
Koch’s postulates
are steps followed to identify a specific pathogen as the agent of a specific disease
Koch’s postulates
The suspected pathogens must be isolated from the diseased host in every case of the disease
Postulate 1
The suspected pathogens must be grown in pure culture on artificial media in the laboratory
Postulate 2
The suspected pathogens from the pure culture must cause the same disease when placed in a healthy new host
Postulate 3
The suspected pathogens must be isolated from the new host, grown again in pure culture, and shown to have the same characteristics as the original pathogens
Postulate 4
cannot be grown in pure culture on artificial media
syphilis
are the nutrients that the bacteria need to survive and reproduce
Artificial media
are needed because viruses cannot be grown on artificial media
cultured cells
an infection of the coverings of the brain and spinal cord
meningitis
is a source of the pathogen in the environment and it can be animals,people, or inanimate objects, such as soil
Reservoir
are the main reservoir for pathogens that affect humans
Human
An individual that is symptom-free but capable of passing the pathogen is called a
carrier
Pathogens that cause colds, the flu, and sexually transmitted diseases, and can be passed on without the person knowing he or she is infected such as
HIV
is found in domestic dogs and many wild animals, such as bats,skunks, and racoons
Rabies
bacteria produce a potent toxin that causes spasms in voluntary muscles
The tetanus bacteria
usually is caused when a person consumes food in which the bacteria have grown and produced a toxin. This toxin paralyzes nerves.
Botulism
what are the known health agencies ?
community health department, (CDC), (WHO)
where are the headquarters of (CDC)?
in Atlanta, Georgia
some diseases, such as the common cold are known as….because small numbers of incidents are continually found within the population
endemic diseases
a particular disease will have a large outbreak in an area and afflict many people causing an
epidemic
if an epidemic is widespread throughout a large region such as a country, continent, or the entire globe it is described as
pandemic
protects the body from any pathogen that the body encounters and are not aimed at a specific pathogen
nonspecific immunity
helps to prevent disease and also helps to slow the progression of the disease
nonspecific immunity
begins to develop its defenses and is the most effective immune response
specific immunity
is the first line of defense
nonspecific immunity
are used by the body to protect against pathogens
Barriers
contains layers of living cells covered by many layers of dead skin cells
Skin barrier
helps protect against invasion by microorganisms
dead skin layers
These bacteria are found on human skin and provide protection from pathogens
staphylococcus epidermidis
saliva, tears, and nasal secretions contain the enzyme lysozyme which breaks down bacterial cell walls, which kills pathogens
chemical barriers
is a chemical which is secreted by many inner surfaces of the body. it acts as a productive barrier, blocking bacteria from sticking to the inner epithelial cells
mucus
line the airway. Their beating motion sends any bacteria caught in the mucus away from the lungs
cilia
a third chemical defence is the….secreted in your stomach. in addition to digestion, stomach acid kills many microorganisms found in food that could cause disease
hydrochloric acid
involves specialized immune cells that respond when chemical and physical barriers are breached by foreign agents.
Cellular defense
one method of defence is
phagocytosis white blood cells
are phagocytosis
neutrophils and macrophages
is the process by which phagocytic cells surround and internalize the foreign microorganisms
phagocytosis
release digestive enzymes and other harmful chemicals from their lysosomes, destroying the microorganisms
phagocytes
a series about 20 protein that are found in the blood plasma are called
complement proteins
enhance phagocytosis by helping the phagocytic cells bind better to pathogens and activating the phagocytes
complement proteins
Virus-infected cells secrete a protein called
interferon
binds to neighboring cells and stimulates these cells to produce antiviral proteins which can prevent viral replication in these cells
interferon
Another nonspecific response, is a complex series of events that involves many chemicals and immune cells that help enhance the overall immune response
inflammatory response
are a type of white cells that is produced in red bone marrow and includes the lymph nodes,tonsils,spleen ,thymus gland
Lymphocytes
are located in all lymphatic tissues and can be thought of as antibody factories
B cells
are protein produced by lymphocytes that specifically react with a foreign antigen
Antibodies
is a substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response, it can bind to an antibody or T cell
An antigen
binds processed antigen and attaches to a B cells
helper T cells
continue the process of binding antigens, attaching to B cells, and reproducing
helper T cells
binds to a B cell holding an antigen, the B cells begins to manufacture antibodies that specifically bind to the antigen
helper T cells
types of cell
neutrophils , macrophages , lymphocytes
blood cells that ingest bacteria
Neutrophils
blood cells that ingest bacteria and remove dead neutrophils and other debris
Macrophages
specific immunity (antibodies and killing of pathogens) blood cells that produce antibodies and other chemicals
Lymphocytes
Organs and cells that filter lymph and
blood and destroy foreign
microorganism
Lymphatic System
is a clear fluid that contain
oxygen , nutrients, white blood cells.
Lymph
Lymphocytes are produced in the…
Red bone marrow
specific defences:
Lymphocytes, antibodies ,memory cells
are a type of white blood cells that is produced in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
includes organs and cells that filter lymph and blood, destroy foreign microorganisms and absorb fat
Lymphatic System
filter lymph and remove foreign materials from the blood
lymph node
form protective ring of lymphatic tissues between nasal and oral cavities and protects nose and mouth against bacteria and harmful materials
tonsils
stores blood and destroy damaged red blood cells
spleen
activate lymphocytes called T cells which are produced in bone marrow
Thymus gland
antibodies are proteins produced by
B cells (antibodies factory)
Some activated B
cells remains as
memory cell
stimulate the cells of the
immune system to divide and recruit
immune cells to an area of infection
Cytokines
destroy pathogens and release chemicals called cytokines
cytotoxic T cells
The body’s first response to an invasion by a pathogen is called
The primary response
remember particular antigens so, if they appear in your body in the future, your immune system can mount a defense quickly
memory cells
