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Biology > Biology chapter 5 > Flashcards

Biology chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does the body react to?

A

1.Changes around you
2.Internal changes → when you are hungry

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2
Q

Why is it important that the body notices changes?

A

For survival

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3
Q

What is a stimuli?

A

any external or internal change that causes a reaction

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4
Q

Name examples of a stimuli

A
  1. Hearing sounds
  2. Smelling food
  3. Seeing something
  4. Feeling warmth
  5. Tasting food
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5
Q

What is a response?

A

reaction to a stimuli

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6
Q

With help of what does your body react to a stimuli?

A

The nervous system

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7
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Specialised cells in your body

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8
Q

What do sensory receptors?

A

Convert stimuli to a nerve impulse

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9
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

electrical signal

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10
Q

What is a nerve cell/neuron?

A

cells that control impulses to their destination

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11
Q

What is effector?

A

Muscles make the response possible

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12
Q

What are 2 kind of effectors?

A

1.Voluntary response = by skeletal muscle
2.Involuntary response = by muscle → geen controle over

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13
Q

Stappenplan stimuli to response

A

Stimulus → sensory receptor (brain) → neuron (whole body) → effectors (advice) → response

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14
Q

What is voluntary response?

A

A reaction, that is your decision, made by your skeletal muscle

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15
Q

What is involuntary response?

A

A reaction made by your smooth muscle→ cannot control or decide yourself→stomach growling

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16
Q

Stappenplan stimulus

A

Hear phone→ sensory receptors receive sound→ change into nerve impulses→ Travel along neurons to your brain→ become aware of the sound of your phone→ Brain sends its own nerve impulses along other

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17
Q

What kind of muscle response are there?

A

Involuntary/ smooth muscle= involuntary response

Voluntary/ skeletal muscle= voluntary response

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18
Q

What are detectors?

A
  1. They alert you if you are in danger
  2. Pleasant things
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19
Q

Name pleasant examples of detectors

A
  1. The touch of puppy’s fur
  2. The smell of chips
  3. The sound of your friend calling your name
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20
Q

Name examples of sense organs

A
  1. Eyes
  2. Ears
  3. Tongue
  4. Skin
  5. Nose
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21
Q

What are the sense organs sensitive to?

A

To stimuli

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22
Q

What are the 5 abilities(senses) of your sense organs?

A

1.Vision
2. Hearing
3. Smelling
4. Tasting
5. Feeling

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23
Q

Name the 5 senses of the skin

A
  1. Sensory receptor cells for heat
  2. Sensory receptor cells for cold
  3. Sensory receptor cells for pain
  4. Sensory receptor cells for pressure
  5. Sensory receptor cells for (light) touch
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24
Q

What are the sensitive receptors inside your eyes sensitive to?

A

To light

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25
Q

What is the function of the eye muscle?

A

Turn the eye in the desired direction

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26
Q

What is the function of the Cilliary muscle

A

To control the shape of the lens

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27
Q

What is the function of the Lens

A

Helps to focus light rays into a sharp and clear image. The lens is behind the Iris and the Pupil.

28
Q

What is the function of the Iris?

A

The ring- shaped coloured part if the eye. It controls the amount of light that enters the eye. The Iris is at the front of the eye, the Choroid becomes the Iris.

29
Q

What is the function of the Cornea?

A

It covers and protects the iris and pupil. The sclera gives way to the cornea

30
Q

What is the function of the pupil? And where is it?

A

Opening in the iris. The light beams through the pupil.

31
Q

What is the function of the Sclera?

A

Gives the eye shape and strength to prevent damage

32
Q

What is the function of the Vitreous body?

A

Fills the eye with a jelly like a fluid, it gives the eye shape. It keeps the retina in place.

33
Q

What is the function of the Retina

A

The Retina is a thin layer at the back of your eye. The Retina contains light- sensitive cells. It contains Cones for colour and Rods for black and white images. Light produces impulses(doing something) in the sensory cells.

34
Q

What is the function of the Fovea? And where is it?

A
  • Most sensitive reactive part of the Retina
  • Contains a lot of cones
  • Sensory cells(fovea) let you see most sharply
  • It is in the area at the centre of the Retina
35
Q

What is the function of the Optic nerve?

A

The place where the nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain.

36
Q

What is the function of the Blind spot?

A
  • Doesn’t contain any light sensitive cells(Only part of the Retina)
  • The part of the Retina where the Optic nerve leaves the eye.
37
Q

What is the function of the Eyebrows?

A

Make sure that sweat (moisture) runs past the eyes and not into them.

38
Q

What is the function of the Eyelashes?

A

Eyelashes protect the eyes against dirt and bright light.

39
Q

What is the function of the Tear Glands?

A
  • They produce tears
  • Tears protects the eyes against dehydration
  • And rinse away small particles of dust and irritants.
40
Q

What is the function of the Eyelids?

A
  • Spread tears across the eyes
  • protect the eyes against flies etc.
41
Q

What is the function of the Tear ducts?

A

Excess tears drain to the nasal cavity through the tear ducts.

42
Q

What is another word for looking far away to an object?

A

A distant object.
The lens is thin or flat.
Then are the muscles relaxed.
Distant objects are out of focus and close by objects are clear.

43
Q

What is another word for looking at an object close by

A

A near by object. The lens is thick or flat.

44
Q

What is the stappenplan by hearing?

A

Sound wave collected→ pinna

The sound waves funneled down → the ear canal

The sound hits the eardrum and the eardrum→ starts to vibrate.

The three tiny bones( hammer, anvil and stirrup)→ pick up the vibrations →pass it through

Finally the vibrations enter the cochlea

In the cochlea sensory receptors convert the vibrations→ into nerve impulses that travel to the brain along the auditory nerve

The brain translates the nerve impulses→ into sounds

45
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat. It makes sure that the air pressure remains the same on both sides of the air drum.

46
Q

What are the semicircular canals responsible for?

A

The semicircular canals are responsible for balance.

47
Q

What is the function of the impulses?

A

Impulses are electric signals that are transmitted from the senses via the brain via nerves.

48
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

The brain processes the impulses that come from the senses.

49
Q

What means amplitude?

A

A higher amplitude is a louder sound

50
Q

What is a auricle(outer ear)? And what is the function?

A

Auricle collects sounds
– Sounds are vibrations in the air.
– High-pitched sounds make the air vibrate fast; low-pitched sounds make the air vibrate slowly

51
Q

What is the function and the parts of the ear canal?

A

Conducts sounds to the eardrum.

– Earwax glands: produce earwax, which keeps the eardrum flexible

52
Q

What is the function of the eardrum?

A

It is made to vibrate by sounds

53
Q

What are the function and the parts of the middle ear?

A

Cavity behind the eardrum filled with air.
– Ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup): tiny bones that pass on the vibrations of the eardrum to a membrane (oval window) in the cochlea.

54
Q

What are the parts and the functions of the cochlea?

A

Contains a fluid and sensory cells.

– The vibrations in the fluid make the sensory cells give off impulses.

55
Q

What is the function of the auditory nerve?

A

It passes impulses to the brain.

56
Q

What is the stappenplan for smelling?

A
  1. Odours are chemicals in the air
  2. Sensory receptors high up in the nasal cavity can detect odours.
  3. Olfactory cells are kept moist(vochtigh gehouden) by mucus(slijm)
  4. When you inhale air that contains an odour, the chemicals become dissolved in the mucus.
  5. When there are enough chemicals inhaled, the olfactory cells send nerve impulses to the brain.
  6. You can identify an odour if it is recognised(bekend) from a previous experience(eerdere ervaring)
57
Q

What happens if there falls bright light on the Retina?

A

When bright light falls on the retina, the circular muscles contract and the radial muscles relax.
This makes the pupil smaller.

58
Q

What happens if there falls less light on the Retina?

A

When not much light falls on the retina, the circular muscles relax and the radial muscles contract. This makes the pupil larger

59
Q

What is special about the human nose?

A

It is a detector and it warns you about dangerous chemicals.

60
Q

With what is the tongue covered with?

A

Taste buds

61
Q

What are the 5 main flavours that the taste buds detect?

A

sweet, sour, salt, bitter and umami
Nerve impulses are then sent to your brain which interprets the flavours.

62
Q

What is the stappenplan of tasting?

A
  1. The chemicals dissolve in saliva.
  2. The chemicals travel towards the nasal cavity.
  3. Chemicals are detected by olfactory cells in the back of your nose.
  4. Olfactory cells send an impulse to the brain.
  5. The brain interprets the impulse of the olfactory cells and the taste buds.
63
Q

What are the 5 senses of the skin?

A
  1. Sensory receptor cells for heat
  2. Sensory receptors for cold
  3. Sensory receptors for pain
  4. Sensory receptors for pressure
  5. Sensory receptors(light) touch
64
Q

Name the parts of the epiderms

A

Corneal layer and basal layer.
– Corneal layer (remains of dead, cornified cells):protection against damage, dehydration and bacteria

65
Q

Name the parts of the dermis

A

Sensory receptors, nerves, pain receptors, hair muscles, blood vessels and sweat glands.

– Sense receptors: heat, cold, pressure and touch receptors. Touch receptors are found just below the epidermis. The pressure receptors are found deeper in the skin.

– Pain receptors (the ends of certain nerves):register pain. Pain receptors are everywhere in the body.

– Sweat glands: produce sweat. Evaporation of sweat cools the body down.

66
Q

Name the parts of the Subcutaneous tissue

A

Stores fat. The fat is used as an energy reserve and has an insulating effect.

Biology (3 decks)

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