Biology chapter 4

Question 1

Can you describe how muscles work?

Answer 1

• Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones by tendons.
• Muscles can move a bone by contracting.
  – When a muscle contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker.
• Antagonistic muscle pairs: two muscles that work together to move a bone back and forth in a particular direction.
  – When antagonistic muscles contract, they have opposite effects. Example: the arm flexor and extensor muscles(biceps and triceps).

Question 2

What is the function of the skeleton?

Answer 2

*The skeleton lets you stand upright.
*The skeleton protects fragile organs.
*The skeleton makes movement possible.
*The skeleton gives the body its shape

Question 3

How can make the skeleton movement possible?

Answer 3

-Most bones in the skeleton are connected together in ways that let them move.

-Bones have protrusions that muscles are attached to.

Question 4

How can give the skeleton its body shape?

Answer 4

-A streamlined body shape lets an animal movequickly, e.g. in water.

-The shape of an animal’s legs depend on how the animal moves. Plantigrades: walk on the whole of the sole of the foot, e.g. bears, humans. Digitigrades: walk on the toes, e.g. cats. Unguligrades (hoofed animals): walk on the tipsof the toes, e.g. horses

Question 5

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDjW00S29l0&pp=ygUpSG93IGNhbiBnaXZlIHRoZSBza2VsZXRvbiBpdHMgYm9keSBzaGFwZT8%3D
Can you describe the skeleton?

Answer 5

-The skeleton consists of long bones and flat bones.

-Long bones: long bones, such as the ulna and thighbone.

-Flat bones include the bones of the skull and the pelvis

Question 6

Can you describe cartilage?

Answer 6

Cartilage is firm but very flexible.

– In adults, cartilage tissue is found e.g. in the endof the nose, the ears, in joints and between the vertebrae.

– Cartilage cells are found in groups together in the extra cellular material.

Question 7

Can you describe bone?

Answer 7

Bone is very sturdy and a little bit flexible.

– Calcium: phosphate in the extra cellular material provides the firmness (rigidity). Calcium phosphate dissolves in hydrochloric acid.

– Collagen: in the extra cellular material provides flexibility. Collagen burns in a flame.

– Bone cells are arranged in the extra cellular material in rings around small canals

Question 8

What is the composition of bone during life?

Answer 8

-Babies: the bones consist primarily of cartilage tissue.

-As they get older, the cartilage tissue changes tobone tissue. At first, there are still gaps between the bones ofthe skull, known as the fontanelles.

-Children: the bones consist of bone tissue witha large amount of collagen and not much calciumphosphate.

-The elderly: the bones consist of bone tissue with relatively little collagen and a lot of calcium phosphate

Question 9

How are some bones connected together in ways that not make them move?

Answer 9

-Fused: two or more bones have grown together to become one. Example: the vertebrae of the sacrum.

-Sutured: Example: the bones of the skull.

Question 10

How are some bones connected together in ways that make them move?

Answer 10

By cartilage, allowing a small amount of movement. Examples: between the ribs and the sternum, between the vertebrae.

– By a synovial joint, allowing a large amount of movement. Examples: the phalanges of the fingers, the pelvis and the thighbone.

Question 11

How do synovial joints work

Answer 11

-In a synovial joint, the ball-shaped bone rotates in the socket bone.

– Layers of cartilage prevent wear and tear and make the movements smoother.

– The joint capsule secretes synovial fluid,allowing the joint to move smoothly.

– The joint’s ligaments and capsule hold the bones in place.

Question 12

Name the bones from the torso?

Answer 12

• Spinal column: cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx.
  – Ribcage: thoracic vertebrae, ribs, thighbone.
  – Pectoral girdle: shoulderblades, collarbones.
  – Pelvic girdle: pelvis, sacrum.

Question 13

What is the problem in a muscles strain and how can they be treated

Answer 13

– Cause: overexertion or a sudden movement.
– A muscle strain will recover with rest.

Question 14

What is the problem if RSI occurs when the same movement is made repeatedly and how can they be treated?

Answer 14

• Good sitting posture and a good workplace help prevent RSI.

Question 15

What is the problem if the Bruises (contusions): damage to tissue without anything being torn or broken and how can they be treated

Answer 15

– Cause: usually the result of a knock, blow or kick.
– A bruised area swells up; internal bleeding isone of the reasons why.
– A contusion will generally recover with rest.
– Sprain: a bruise to a joint.

Question 16

What is the problem if inflammation of the attachment sites of muscles and how can they be treated?

Answer 16

– Cause: overuse of muscles.
– In tennis elbow, the attachment site of a muscle in the elbow is inflamed.
– Inflammation generally recovers with rest.

Question 17

What is the problem if there is an break in the cartilage of an invertebral discs?

Answer 17

• The gel-like core can press up against a nerve,causing back pain that radiates to the legs.

Question 18

What is the problem of many injuries are treated by cooling down the affected area and how can they be treated?

Answer 18

-Cooling reduces internal bleeding
-Cooling reduces the swelling
-Cooling reduces the pain

Question 19

Why is good body posture important?

Answer 19

The backbone has a double-S shape
– The shape is maintained by the back muscles that are connected to the vertebrae.
– Intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers.

Good body posture prevents abnormalities in the shape of the spinal column and so helps avoid painin the back and else where.
– Adopting the wrong posture too often can lead to abnormalities in the shape of the backbone.

– Good posture helps the backbone maintain thedouble-S shape and reduces the risk of back complaints.

– It is important that the backbone keeps itsdouble-S shape during lifting. Stick to the rulesfor lifting properly as far as possible.

– Regular exercise and sport strengthen the back muscles. This will make you less likely to sufferfrom back pain.

Question 20

What for ways are there to move the bones in a specific manner(synovial joint)?

Answer 20

• The synovial joint is constructed in a way that allows the bones to move in a specific manner.

– Ball-and-socket joints: a rotational movement is possible (shoulder joint and hip joint)

– Hinge joints: only a back-and-forth motion is possible (between finger or toe phalanges, between the humerus and the ulna, and between the thighbone and the tibia).

– Pivot joint: one bone rotates along its lengthwiseaxis around the other (radius and ulna).

Question 21

What is the problem in a number of sporting injuries and how can they be treated?

Answer 21

– For example: rough play, poor training, lack offitness, overexertion, fatigue, poor equipment and poor warming up and cooling down (or none at all)

Question 22

What is the problem in an invertebral discs made out of cartilage with a gel-like centre

Answer 22

• This gel-like core gives the invertebral discs springiness.

Question 23

What is the problem in a broken bone and how can they be treated

Answer 23

– Cause: usually either a fall or rough (foul) play.
– For the bone to heal, the two halves must beheld in place. Sometimes the halves of the bonehave to be set.

Question 24

Name the bones from the skull

Answer 24

the skull: frontal bone, parietal bones,occipital bone, temporal bones, sphenoid bones,cheekbones, nasal bones, upper jaw, lower jaw

Question 25

What is the problem if dislocation: the ball-shaped bone comes out of its place in the socket bone and how can they be treated?

Answer 25

– A doctor then has to put the ball end of one bone back in place in the socket of the other.

Question 26

Name the bones of the limbs(arms and legs)

Answer 26

Arm: humerus, ulna, radius, carpals,metacarpals, phalanges.
– Leg: thighbone, kneecap, tibia, fibula, tarsals,metatarsals, phalanges

Question 27

What is the problem if the Runner’s knee: a meniscus in the knee joint is damaged and how can they be treated

Answer 27

– Cause: e.g. a rotation of the body while the lowerleg stays in place.
– A damaged meniscus often requires surgical treatment.

Question 28

What is an endoskeleton?

Answer 28

A type of skeleton which is found inside the body of an animal.

Question 29

What is an exoskeleton?

Answer 29

You have the bones on the outside to keep your body shape, helps the move and provides protection. And it helps to prevent water loss.

Question 30

What is an hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 30

A type of skeleton which is made out of water.

Question 31

What are the 4 basic parts of the human skeleton and what are the functions?

Answer 31

1. The skull, which contains and protects the brain.
2. The backbone or spine, which protects the spinal cord.
3. The rib cage, which protects the lungs and the heart
4. The limbs(arms and legs), which are used for locomotion

Question 32

What are the functions of the spine

Answer 32

• It keeps you upright
• It carries the weight of your head, torso and arms.
• The different bones of the spine provide places for muscles to connect to other bones.

Question 33

What is posture?

Answer 33

Posture is the position in which you hold your body, when you are
Standing, sitting or lying down.

Question 34

What is good posture and what is bad posture

Answer 34

Good posture:
- When you look at your spine you see that it has a double S-shape, than you have a good posture.
- This special shape makes your spine stable and flexible. It also helps to keep your balance when you are standing, and it acts as a shock absorber when you walk.
Bad posture:
- Your spine no longer has the double S-shape.
- It bends too much in some areas, such as the shoulders and the neck. This can cause your spine and its attached muscles to get injured, which over time can cause a lot of discomfort and pain.

Question 35

what is the function of the double s-shape?

Answer 35

This double S-shape acts as a shock absorber

Question 36

What is cartilage

Answer 36

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue. It is found in many parts of your skeleton, especially in places where the skeleton needs to be tough but also flexible.

Question 37

What is bone?

Answer 37

It is the same as cartilage, bone is a type of connective tissue. It is hard but also slightly flexible. Bone is able to grow and repair itself.

Question 38

What is calcium?

Answer 38

Bone component for strength

Question 39

What is collagen?

Answer 39

Bone component for flexibility

Question 40

What is the job of osteoclasts?

Answer 40

Bone component for flexibility

Question 41

What is the job of osteoblasts?

Answer 41

They make new bones

Question 42

What is the function of the marrow?

Answer 42

Production of blood cells

Question 43

What is the function of the compact bone?

Answer 43

Provides strength to your bone

Question 44

What is the function of the periosteum?

Answer 44

Production of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 45

What is a joint

Answer 45

Is a place where bones connect each other.

Question 46

What is fibrous joints?

Answer 46

An immovable joint held together by strong elastic fibrous tissue.
An example is the connection between the roots of your teeth and either your mandible or maxilla.