Biology chapter 4 Flashcards
Can you describe how muscles work?
- Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones by tendons.
- Muscles can move a bone by contracting.
– When a muscle contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker. - Antagonistic muscle pairs: two muscles that work together to move a bone back and forth in a particular direction.
– When antagonistic muscles contract, they have opposite effects. Example: the arm flexor and extensor muscles(biceps and triceps).
What is the function of the skeleton?
*The skeleton lets you stand upright.
*The skeleton protects fragile organs.
*The skeleton makes movement possible.
*The skeleton gives the body its shape
How can make the skeleton movement possible?
-Most bones in the skeleton are connected together in ways that let them move.
-Bones have protrusions that muscles are attached to.
How can give the skeleton its body shape?
-A streamlined body shape lets an animal movequickly, e.g. in water.
-The shape of an animal’s legs depend on how the animal moves. Plantigrades: walk on the whole of the sole of the foot, e.g. bears, humans. Digitigrades: walk on the toes, e.g. cats. Unguligrades (hoofed animals): walk on the tipsof the toes, e.g. horses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDjW00S29l0&pp=ygUpSG93IGNhbiBnaXZlIHRoZSBza2VsZXRvbiBpdHMgYm9keSBzaGFwZT8%3D
Can you describe the skeleton?
-The skeleton consists of long bones and flat bones.
-Long bones: long bones, such as the ulna and thighbone.
-Flat bones include the bones of the skull and the pelvis
Can you describe cartilage?
Cartilage is firm but very flexible.
– In adults, cartilage tissue is found e.g. in the endof the nose, the ears, in joints and between the vertebrae.
– Cartilage cells are found in groups together in the extra cellular material.
Can you describe bone?
Bone is very sturdy and a little bit flexible.
– Calcium: phosphate in the extra cellular material provides the firmness (rigidity). Calcium phosphate dissolves in hydrochloric acid.
– Collagen: in the extra cellular material provides flexibility. Collagen burns in a flame.
– Bone cells are arranged in the extra cellular material in rings around small canals
What is the composition of bone during life?
-Babies: the bones consist primarily of cartilage tissue.
-As they get older, the cartilage tissue changes tobone tissue. At first, there are still gaps between the bones ofthe skull, known as the fontanelles.
-Children: the bones consist of bone tissue witha large amount of collagen and not much calciumphosphate.
-The elderly: the bones consist of bone tissue with relatively little collagen and a lot of calcium phosphate
How are some bones connected together in ways that not make them move?
-Fused: two or more bones have grown together to become one. Example: the vertebrae of the sacrum.
-Sutured: Example: the bones of the skull.
How are some bones connected together in ways that make them move?
By cartilage, allowing a small amount of movement. Examples: between the ribs and the sternum, between the vertebrae.
– By a synovial joint, allowing a large amount of movement. Examples: the phalanges of the fingers, the pelvis and the thighbone.
How do synovial joints work
-In a synovial joint, the ball-shaped bone rotates in the socket bone.
– Layers of cartilage prevent wear and tear and make the movements smoother.
– The joint capsule secretes synovial fluid,allowing the joint to move smoothly.
– The joint’s ligaments and capsule hold the bones in place.
Name the bones from the torso?
- Spinal column: cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx.
– Ribcage: thoracic vertebrae, ribs, thighbone.
– Pectoral girdle: shoulderblades, collarbones.
– Pelvic girdle: pelvis, sacrum.
What is the problem in a muscles strain and how can they be treated
– Cause: overexertion or a sudden movement.
– A muscle strain will recover with rest.
What is the problem if RSI occurs when the same movement is made repeatedly and how can they be treated?
- Good sitting posture and a good workplace help prevent RSI.
What is the problem if the Bruises (contusions): damage to tissue without anything being torn or broken and how can they be treated
– Cause: usually the result of a knock, blow or kick.
– A bruised area swells up; internal bleeding isone of the reasons why.
– A contusion will generally recover with rest.
– Sprain: a bruise to a joint.
What is the problem if inflammation of the attachment sites of muscles and how can they be treated?
– Cause: overuse of muscles.
– In tennis elbow, the attachment site of a muscle in the elbow is inflamed.
– Inflammation generally recovers with rest.
What is the problem if there is an break in the cartilage of an invertebral discs?
- The gel-like core can press up against a nerve,causing back pain that radiates to the legs.
What is the problem of many injuries are treated by cooling down the affected area and how can they be treated?
-Cooling reduces internal bleeding
-Cooling reduces the swelling
-Cooling reduces the pain
Why is good body posture important?
The backbone has a double-S shape
– The shape is maintained by the back muscles that are connected to the vertebrae.
– Intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers.
Good body posture prevents abnormalities in the shape of the spinal column and so helps avoid painin the back and else where.
– Adopting the wrong posture too often can lead to abnormalities in the shape of the backbone.
– Good posture helps the backbone maintain thedouble-S shape and reduces the risk of back complaints.
– It is important that the backbone keeps itsdouble-S shape during lifting. Stick to the rulesfor lifting properly as far as possible.
– Regular exercise and sport strengthen the back muscles. This will make you less likely to sufferfrom back pain.
What for ways are there to move the bones in a specific manner(synovial joint)?
- The synovial joint is constructed in a way that allows the bones to move in a specific manner.
– Ball-and-socket joints: a rotational movement is possible (shoulder joint and hip joint)
– Hinge joints: only a back-and-forth motion is possible (between finger or toe phalanges, between the humerus and the ulna, and between the thighbone and the tibia).
– Pivot joint: one bone rotates along its lengthwiseaxis around the other (radius and ulna).
What is the problem in a number of sporting injuries and how can they be treated?
– For example: rough play, poor training, lack offitness, overexertion, fatigue, poor equipment and poor warming up and cooling down (or none at all)
What is the problem in an invertebral discs made out of cartilage with a gel-like centre
- This gel-like core gives the invertebral discs springiness.
What is the problem in a broken bone and how can they be treated
– Cause: usually either a fall or rough (foul) play.
– For the bone to heal, the two halves must beheld in place. Sometimes the halves of the bonehave to be set.
Name the bones from the skull
the skull: frontal bone, parietal bones,occipital bone, temporal bones, sphenoid bones,cheekbones, nasal bones, upper jaw, lower jaw
